DIHALNI APARATI ZA ZAŠČITO DIHAL NA LADJI

Kreslin, Marko (author), Vidmar, Peter (mentor)

Izolirni dihalni aparat je pripomoček, ki ga uporabljajo večinoma gasilci, saj je nepogrešljivo delovno sredstvo za reševanje ljudi iz zadimljenih prostorov in gašenje požara. Na ladji ni niti posebne gasilske enote niti posebej usposobljenih gasilcev, zato mora posadka sama pogasiti požar oziroma poskrbeti za reševanje ljudi iz gorečih ali nevarnih prostorov. Pri tovrstnih nalogah morajo člani posadke uporabljati enako opremo kot gasilci na kopnem. Izolirni dihalni aparat je nepogrešljiv del te opreme. Uporablja se tako za vstopanje v zadimljene prostore, v katerih primanjkuje kisika, kot tudi za vstopanje v prostore, za katere ni znano, kateri plini so tam lahko prisotni. Poznamo različne vrste dihalnih aparatov. V osnovi se delijo na samoreševalne in izolirne dihalne aparate. Samoreševalni oziroma filtrirni aparati so namenjeni somoreševanju in delovanju za kratek čas. Izolirni dihalni aparati se delijo na aparate na stisnjen zrak, aparate na kisik ter aparate s kompresorjem in cevjo. Izolirni dihalni aparati se najpogosteje uporabljajo na ladjah. Pokazali so se kot najprimernejši za potrebe reševanja težav z ognjem in s strupenimi plini na ladji. Aparate na kisik se uporablja tam, kjer avtonomija aparatov na zrak ne zadostuje. Izolirni dihalni aparat je oprema, ki jo sestavljajo naslednje komponente: jeklenka, ventil, visokotlačni vod z manometrom in alarmom ter srednjetlačni vod s pljučnim avtomatom in zaščitno masko. Jeklenke so tlačne posode, v katerih je stisnjen zrak, ki mora zadostovati vsaj za 30 minut uporabe. Na jeklenki je ventil, s katerim odpiramo in zapiramo jeklenko. Na visokotlačnem vodu je manometer, ki prikazuje stanje tlaka v jeklenki, in zvočni alarm, ki opozarja na nizek tlak v jeklenki. Srednjetlačni vod sestavljajo: reducirni ventil, ki zmanjšuje tlak, pljučni avtomat, ki dovaja zrak za dihanje, in zaščitna maska. Jeklenko nosimo na hrbtu s pomočjo nosilnega ogrodja z naramnicami in pasom. Človek povprečno porabi okoli 40 litrov zraka v minuti v stanju mirovanja. Na ladji moramo poskrbeti, da je zmeraj na voljo zadostna količina dihalnega medija za primer požara. Na ladji imamo tudi visokotlačni kompresor, s katerim jeklenke, po uporabi, ponovno napolnimo. Vse tlačne posode morajo biti ustrezno pregledane in vsi sestavni deli servisirani. Prav tako mora biti osebje, ki je na ladji zadolženo za uporabo izolirnega dihalnega aparata, ustrezno izobraženo in usposobljeno za uporabo le-tega.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: dihalni aparati, reševanje, zaščita dihal
• Work type: Bachelor thesis/paper
• Organization: FPP - Faculty of Maritime Studies and Transport
• Year: 2023
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-150041
• Publication date in RUL: 13.09.2023

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: BREATHING APPARATUSES FOR PROTECTION OF RESPIRATORY ON SHIP

Abstract

Isolated breathing apparatus is a device used mostly by firefighters, as it is an indispensable means of rescuing people from smoky rooms and extinguishing fires. We do not have a special fire brigade on the ships or specially trained firefighters, so the crew must put out the fire or take care of rescuing people from burning or dangerous areas. For such tasks, crew members must use the same equipment as firefighters on land. Isolated breathing apparatus is an indispensable part of this equipment. It is used both to enter smoky rooms where there is a lack of oxygen, as well as to enter rooms where it is not known which gas is in it. We know different versions of breathing apparatus. They are basically divided into self-rescuing and isolating breathing apparatus. Self-rescue or filter devices are intended for self-rescue and operation for a short time. Isolated breathing apparatus is divided into compressed air apparatus, oxygen apparatus and apparatus with compressor and hose. Self-contained breathing apparatus is most commonly used on ships, as it has proven to be the most suitable for the needs of solving problems with fire and toxic gases on board. Oxygen appliances are used where the autonomy of air appliances is not enough. The self-contained breathing apparatus consists of a number of components: a cylinder, a valve, a high-pressure line with a manometer and an alarm, and a medium-pressure line with a lung machine and a protective mask. Cylinders are pressure vessels in which air is compressed, which must be sufficient for at least 30 minutes of operation. There is a valve on the cylinder that opens and closes the cylinder. The high-pressure line has a manometer that displays the state of the pressure in the cylinder, and an audible alarm that warns of low pressure in the cylinder. The medium pressure line consists of: a pressure reducing valve, a lung machine that supplies breathing air and a protective mask. The cylinder is carried on the back with the help of a support frame with straps and a belt. On average, a person consumes about 40 litres of air per minute at rest. On board, we must make sure that there is always a sufficient amount of breathing medium available in case of fire. We also have a high-pressure compressor on board, with which we refill the cylinders after use. All pressure vessels must be properly inspected and all components serviced. The personnel in charge of the use of self-contained breathing apparatus must also be adequately trained and qualified to use it.

• Keywords: breathing apparatus, rescue, respiratory protection