Upokojitev – pravica ali obveznost?

Bilić, Maša (author), Mišič, Luka (mentor)

Obvezna upokojitev, kot pojem opredeljen v tem besedilu, omogoča delodajalcu, da delavcu enostransko odpove pogodbo o zaposlitvi iz razloga izpolnitve pogojev za starostno upokojitev. Poznamo jo v dveh oblikah, in sicer kot ex lege prenehanje pogodbe o zaposlitvi z dnem izpolnitve pogojev ter prenehanje pogodbe o zaposlitvi na željo delodajalca, v primeru da delavec izpolnjuje pogoje za starostno upokojitev. Institut lahko predstavlja kršitev prepovedi neenake obravnave na podlagi osebne okoliščine starosti, le-ta pa je na podlagi mednarodnopravnih aktov ter Ustave Republike Slovenije pod določenimi pogoji lahko dopustna. Zakon za uravnoteženje javnih financ, Zakon o ukrepih na področju plač in drugih stroškov dela za leto 2016 in drugih ukrepih v javnem sektorju ter Zakon o ukrepih na področju plač in drugih stroškov dela za leto 2017 in drugih ukrepih v javnem sektorju so določali, da javnemu uslužbencu pogodba o zaposlitvi preneha ex lege. Ustavnost Zakona za uravnoteženje javnih financ je presojalo tudi Ustavno sodišče Republike Slovenije in določilo, da ne predstavlja kršitev prepovedi diskriminacije na podlagi starosti ter obvezne upokojitve, saj javnega uslužbenca ne prisili k umiku s trga dela, le-ta pa je upravičen do starostne pokojnine. Zakon o interventnih ukrepih za pomoč pri omilitvi posledic drugega vala epidemije COVID-19 pa je delodajalcu ponudil možnost, da delavcu, ki izpolnjuje pogoje za starostno upokojitev, odpove pogodbo o zaposlitvi brez obrazložitve razloga za odpoved. Slednje je predstavljalo hudo kršitev 24. člena Evropska socialna listina ter Konvencije Mednarodne organizacije dela št. 158. Zakonodajalec v času gospodarske krize ali slabših gospodarskih kazalnikih navadno najprej omeji pravico do upokojitve, primarno iz razloga zagotavljanja vzdržnosti javnih financ ter visoke stopnje brezposelnosti med mladimi. Potencialna nižja stopnja brezposelnosti med mladimi iz naslova obvezne upokojitve avtomatsko ne pomeni večje vzdržnosti pokojninske blagajne iz naslova plačanih prispevkov aktivnih zavarovancev, saj se število upokojencev, upravičenih do pokojnine, poveča. Hkrati pa je zakonodajalec v Zakon o pokojninskem in invalidskem zavarovanju ter drugih področnih zakonih predvidel celo vrstno ukrepov, ki nagrajujejo nadaljnjo aktivnost na trgu dela tudi po izpolnitvi pogojev za starostno upokojitev. Slednja kontradiktornost na trgu dela ustvarja anomalije ter ustvarja nezaupanje pri zavarovancih ter upravičencih do pokojnine.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: pravica do pokojnine, prisilna upokojitev, pokojninsko in invalidsko zavarovanje, dvojni status, ZUJF, interventna zakonodaja
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Organization: PF - Faculty of Law
• Year: 2023
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-147420
• COBISS.SI-ID: 160909059
• Publication date in RUL: 05.07.2023

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Retirement - a right or an obligation?

Abstract

Compulsory or mandatory retirement, as a term defined in this article, allows an employer to unilaterally terminate an employee's employment contract on the grounds that the conditions for old-age retirement are met. There are two known forms: First, an ex lege termination of an employment contract on the date on which the conditions for old-age retirement are met and, second employer's optional termination of the contract of employment. The employer may or may not take advantage of this option. Mandatory retirement can represent a violation of the prohibition of unequal treatment based on the personal circumstance of age, which is admissible under certain conditions set in international law and the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia. According to Act on Balancing Public Finances, Act on Measures in the Area of Wages and Other Labor Costs for 2016 and Other Measures in the Public Sector and Act on Measures in the Area of Wages and Other Labor Costs for 2017 and Other Measures in the Public Sector the employment contract of a civil servant was terminated ex lege. The Constitutional Court of Republic of Slovenia has ruled that the termination of employment contract based on the Act on Balancing Public Finances doesn't constitute a breach of the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of age and of compulsory retirement. It does not force the civil servant to withdraw from the labour market, as he is is entitled to an old-age pension. The Act on intervention measures to help mitigate the consequences of the second wave of the COVID-19 epidemic on the other hand offered the employer the possibility of terminating the employment contract of an employee who qualified for old-age pension without explaining the reason for the termination. The latter constituted a serious breach of Article 24 of the ECHR and the ILO Convention 158. In times of economic crisis or poor financial performance, the legislator firstly limits the right to retirement, primarily for the reason of ensuring the sustainability of public finances and because of the high level of unemployment among the young people. A potential lower unemployment rate among younger people due to compulsory retirement does not automatically constitute in a greater sustainability of the pension fund due to the paid contributions of insured persons, as the number of pensioners entitled to a pension increases. At the same time, the Act on Pension and Disability Insurance and other related laws provided for a series of measures that reward continued activity on the labor market even after fulfilling the conditions for old-age retirement. The latter contradiction creates anomalies in the labor market and mistrust among insured persons and pension beneficiaries.

• Keywords: the right to a pension, compulsary or mandatory retirement, pension and disability insurance, dual status, ZUJF, interventional legislation