Oporoka v informacijski družbi

Lamovec Hren, Petra (author), Žnidaršič Skubic, Viktorija (mentor)

Zapustniki svojo voljo glede razpolaganja s svojim premoženjem za primer smrti vse pogosteje zapišejo v elektronski obliki, zato se pojavlja tudi potreba po priznavanju tovrstne oblike oporoke, vendar je zakonska ureditev oporočnega dedovanja še vedno vpeta v tradicionalne okvire glede oblike oporok. Oporočitelj mora paziti, da se dosledno drži obličnostnih zahtev, ki jih mora oporoka izpolnjevati, sicer je oporoka nepravilno sestavljena in tvega, da jo bo sodišče spoznalo za neveljavno. Posledično bi nastopilo zakonito dedovanje, kar pa ne odraža zapustnikove prave volje. Če je zapis pri tem narejen na elektronski medij, tako oporoko imenujemo elektronska oporoka. Elektronska oporoka je v večini držav nedovoljen način razpolaganja s premoženjem. Izjema so nekatere ameriške zvezne države in kanadska provinca Britanska Kolumbija, ki so že uzakonile elektronsko oporoko, v nekaterih drugih ameriških državah pa je uvedba elektronske oporoke v zakonodajnem postopku. Elektronska oporoka predstavlja inovativen in moderen način oporočnega razpolaganja, ki kombinira obstoječe obličnosti z novejšimi pristopi. Njena uvedba bi bila lahko v prihodnje, upoštevaje hiter tehnološki razvoj, vse bolj smiselna, vendar pa bi bilo treba ob tem zadostiti varnostnim standardom glede njene avtentičnosti in prepričanja, da bi izražala pravo oporočiteljevo voljo. V odsotnosti izrecne zakonske ureditve elektronske oblike oporoke pa se lahko, v nekaterih državah sistema common law, za presojo veljavnosti zapustnikove volje, ki je podana v elektronski obliki, uporabita doktrina neškodljive napake in doktrina znatne skladnosti, ki pod določenimi pogoji dovoljujeta odstop od predpisanih obličnostnih zahtev. S tem se lahko sanirajo nekatere vsebinsko manj pomembne napake oporočitelja v postopku sestave oporoke, na primer manjkajoči podpis oporočitelja ali prič, nezadostno število prič, njihova odsotnost pri pisni oporoki pred pričami, ali dejstvo, da priči nista istočasno prisotni. Za nedosledno upoštevanje obličnostnih zahtev se lahko šteje tudi izbira medija, na katerega je napisana in shranjena oporoka, kar povzroči, da oporoka ne izpolnjuje dveh temeljnih pogojev: pisne oblike in lastnoročnega podpisa. V disertaciji se sprašujemo, ali bi bilo de lege ferenda primerno uvesti podobni doktrini tudi v slovensko dedno pravo – to bi bilo lahko koristno ne le za potrebe elektronske oporoke, ampak tudi za odpravo formalnih napak.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: oporoka, obličnostne zahteve, oporočna sposobnost, digitalizacija, elektronska oporoka, doktrina neškodljive napake, doktrina znatne skladnosti
• Work type: Doctoral dissertation
• Typology: 2.08 - Doctoral Dissertation
• Organization: PF - Faculty of Law
• Year: 2023
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-147262
• COBISS.SI-ID: 158411523
• Publication date in RUL: 28.06.2023

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Will in the information society

Abstract

Testators are increasingly writing their will regarding the disposition of their property in the event of death in electronic form. This has led to a demand to recognize electronic wills, but the statutory rules for testamentary inheritance are still embedded in traditional framework of the form of wills. Testators must be careful to strictly adhere to the formal requirements that a will must meet, or else the will may be improperly composed and the court may declare it invalid. Consequently, legal succession would occur, which does not reflect the true intentions of the testator. When the writing is made on an electronic medium, it is called an electronic will. Electronic wills are not valid in most countries. However, some US states and the Canadian province of British Columbia have already legalized electronic wills, while in some other US states introduction of electronic wills is pending in the legislative process. The electronic will represents an innovative and modern way of testamentary disposition, combining existing formalities with newer approaches. Its introduction could be increasingly sensible in the future due to rapid technological development. However, security standards must be met regarding its authenticity and the belief that it expresses the true will of the testator. In the absence of explicit legal regulation of electronic wills, in some countries of the common law system, the doctrines of harmless error and substantial compliance may be used under certain conditions to assess the validity of a testator's will made in electronic form. This can remedy some less important defects made by the testator in the process of making a will, such as a missing signature of the testator or witness, an insufficient number of witnesses, their absence during the written will signing before witnesses, or the fact that the witnesses are not present at the same time. The choice of the medium on which the will is written and stored may also be considered inconsistent to comply with formal requirements, which means that the will does not meet two fundamental requirements: written form and a handwritten signature. In this dissertation, the question arises whether it would be appropriate to introduce similar doctrines in Slovenian inheritance law, which could be useful not only for electronic wills but also for eliminating formal defects.

• Keywords: will, will formalities, testamentary capacity, digitalisation, electronic will, doctrine of harmless error, doctrine of substantial compliance