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Vloga navezanosti na starše v razvoju sladkorne bolezni tipa 1 pri otrocih in mladostnikih
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Turin, Anja
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),
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Drobnič Radobuljac, Maja
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)
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Dovč, Klemen
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Abstract
Uvod: Sladkorna bolezen tipa 1 (SBT1) je ena najpogostejših kroničnih bolezni otrok in mladostnikov in je posledica avtoimunskega propada beta celic trebušne slinavke. Njena incidenca v svetu narašča za 3 do 4 % na leto. Etiopatogeneza je poleg genetskih dejavnikov povezana tudi z dejavniki okolja, med katerimi ima glede na dosedanje raziskave potencialno vlogo tudi psihološki stres. Pri razumevanju vpliva dejavnikov okolja na obolevnost in potek kronične bolezni je pomembno upoštevati tako pojavnost stresnih dogodkov kot tudi posameznikov odziv na te dogodke. Stresni odziv je v vseh življenjskih obdobjih, še posebej pa v obdobju otroštva, uravnavan v medosebnem kontekstu. Pri otroku je za regulacijo stresnega odziva ključen odnos s starši. V doktorski nalogi smo o odnosu in njegovem vplivu na stresno regulacijo in s tem na pojavnost SBT1 razmišljali z vidika teorije navezanosti. Varna navezanost glede na literaturo predstavlja varovalni dejavnik pri soočanju s stresnimi dogodki, medtem ko negotova navezanost predstavlja dejavnik tveganja za manj učinkovito stresno regulacijo in tudi kasnejši razvoj psihopatologije. Izhajajoč iz teh predpostavk nas je v doktorski nalogi zanimalo, ali obstaja povezava med negotovo navezanostjo in pojavnostjo SBT1. V drugem delu doktorske disertacije smo raziskali, ali SBT1 skupaj z nekaterimi drugimi dejavniki tveganja, kot so navezanost in stresni dogodki v življenju, predstavlja tveganje za pojav psihopatologije. Dosedanje raziskave na tem področju so neenotne – obstajajo velike populacijske raziskave, ki govorijo o večji pojavnosti duševnih motenj med obolelimi s SBT1, in take, ki razlik med obolelimi in zdravo populacijo ne ugotavljajo. Namen raziskave: Ugotoviti, ali je negotova navezanost otroka ali mladostnika na starša pomembno povezana s pojavnostjo SBT1 pri otrocih in mladostnikih in ali je prisotnost SBT1 povezana s pojavom psihopatologije pri otrocih in mladostnikih. Preiskovanci in metode: V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 101 otrok ali mladostnikov s SBT1 in kontrolna skupina 106 zdravih otrok oz. mladostnikov, starih med 8 in 15 let, ter vsaj eden izmed staršev pri vsakemu preiskovancu. Izvedli smo intervju navezanosti otroka in ocenili psihopatologijo (ASEBA vprašalnik) ter število stresnih dogodkov v različnih obdobjih življenja otroka in navezanost pri starših s pomočjo psiholoških vprašalnikov (Vprašalnik o hudih življenjskih dogodkih, Vprašalnik o izpostavljenosti travmatičnim dogodkom v življenju, Vprašalnik o navezanosti v bližnjih odnosih). Pridobljene podatke smo obdelali s pomočjo statističnih orodij R in IBM SPSS 27. Narejena je bila osnovna opisna statistika za primerjavo med obema skupinama in model logistične oz. linearne regresije, s pomočjo katerega smo skušali na osnovi različnih dejavnikov (stresnih dogodkov v življenju, navezanosti otroka, navezanosti mame in SBT1 – glede na primarni izzid) napovedati prisotnost SBT1 oziroma prisotnost psihopatologije. Rezultati: Rezultati so pokazali, da obstaja statistično značilna povezava med anksiozno navezanostjo mater in prisotnostjo SBT1 (p = 0.012). Otroci ali mladostniki mater, ki so imele višje vrednosti anksioznosti v navezovalnem odnosu, so imeli večjo verjetnost za prisotnost SBT1. Navezanost otroka ali mladostnika na mater se ni pokazala kot statistično značilno povezana s prisotnostjo SBT1 (p > 0.05). Vrednost celokupne psihopatologije (CBCL – skupna problematika) je bila glede na rezultate povezana z negotovo navezanostjo pri otroku ali mladostniku (p = 0.031). Negotovo navezani otroci ali mladostniki so imeli višje vrednosti skupne psihopatologije. Rezulati so pokazali tudi na pozitivno korelacijo med številom stresnih dogodkov in psihopatologijo (p < 0.0001) ter anksiozno navezanostjo matere in psihopatologijo (p = 0.013). Sladkorna bolezen se ni izkazala kot statistično pomemben napovedni dejavnik za razvoj psihopatologije pri otrocih ali mladostnikih (p > 0.05). Zaključek: Na osnovi rezultatov raziskave smo opredelili statistično pomembno povezanost med anksiozno navezanostjo mater in pojavnostjo SBT1, ne pa tudi med navezanostjo otroka oz. mladostnika in SBT1. Psihopatologija je pozitivno korelirala z negotovo navezanostjo pri otroku oz. mladostniku, z anksiozno navezanostjo mater in stresnimi dogodki v življenju, ne pa tudi s prisotnostjo SBT1.
Language:
Slovenian
Keywords:
sladkorna bolezen tipa 1
,
stres
,
stresna regulacija
,
navezanost
,
psihopatologija
Work type:
Doctoral dissertation
Organization:
MF - Faculty of Medicine
Year:
2022
PID:
20.500.12556/RUL-142924
COBISS.SI-ID:
144611075
Publication date in RUL:
03.12.2022
Views:
1037
Downloads:
107
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Secondary language
Language:
English
Title:
The role of attachment to parents on the development of diabetes mellitus type 1 in children and adolescents
Abstract:
Introduction: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is among the most common chronical illnesses of childhood. It is a result of autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Its incidence is still growing worldwide for approximately 3-4% per year. The environmental factors have a role in disease’s pathogenesis in genetically suspectable individuals. The existing literature also highlights the role of psychological stress as a potential environmental factor. When considering the role of stressful life events, it is important to think not only about these events per se but also how an individual manages stress. In childhood the stress is regulated with the help of parents. In the current work we address the parent-child relationship and thus regulation of stress from the attachment perspective. Secure attachment according to literature represents a protective factor in coping with stressful life situations, insecure attachment on the other hand exposes an individual to a less efficient stress regulation. In the second part of our work, we focused on T1D as a possible risk factor for psychopathology. Former research on the latter topic provided unconsistent results. Aim of the research: To find out whether there is a correlation between insecurity of attachment and T1D in children and adolescents and whether T1D represents a risk for psychopathology in children and adolescents. Subjects and methods: 101 children and adolescents with T1D and 106 healthy control subjects aged between 8 and 15 years and ad least one of their parents were included in the research. Quality of the attachment to parents (Child Attachment Interview) and stressful life events (LITE-S) were assessed in children and adolescents. The parents filled out self-report questionnaires containing questions on demographic characteristics, parents’ attachment patterns in close relationships (ECR-RS) and presence of stressful life events (Holmes & Rahe). Children/adolescent’s psychopathology was also assessed using the child behaviour checklist (CBCL). We analysed data with statistical program R in IBM SPSS 27. The binary multinomial logistic regression model and linear regression model (depending on the dependent variable) were conducted using attachment and stressful life events as T1D or psychopathology predictors (in the latter also T1D was used as an independent variable). Results: Higher carer attachment anxiety was associated with the child’s T1D diagnosis (p = 0.012) while security of attachment to mothers showed no significant association (p > 0.05). The psychopathology (CBCL total problems) was according to results positively related to insecure attachment (p = 0.031), mothers’ relationship anxiety (p = 0.013) and stressful life events (p < 0.0001). T1D was not a statistically significant risk factor for psychopathology in children and adolescents according to our results (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that higher attachment-related anxiety in carers is associated with T1D in children. No association was found among T1D and insecurity of attachment to parents in children or adolescents. Psychopathology positively correlated with insecurity of attachment to parents in children or adolescents, mothers’ relationship anxiety and stressful life events. No statistically significant correlation was found between T1D and psychopathology.
Keywords:
type 1 diabetes mellitus
,
stress
,
stress regulation
,
attachment
,
psychopathology
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