Informiranost o sevanju in slikovnih metodah med slovenskimi pacienti, napotenimi na rentgensko slikanje skeleta, prsnih organov ali zob : magistrsko delo

Bajc, Žana (author), Hlebec, Valentina (mentor), Starc, Tina (co-mentor), Kogovšek, Tina (reviewer)

Uvod: Radiološke slikovne metode zaradi svojega neinvazivnega značaja predstavljajo nepogrešljiv del sodobne medicine. Večina temelji na uporabi škodljivega ionizirajočega sevanja, zato je vpliv tega na zdravje ljudi tema, ki je aktualna že vse od odkritja rentgenskih žarkov. Čeprav zakon nalaga odgovornost informiranja o kakršnihkoli preiskavah in posegih, tudi rentgenskih, zdravnikom, številne raziskave v tujini pričajo o nizki stopnji znanja o vrstah sevanj in njihovih učinkih med splošno populacijo. Dokazana je močna korelacija med neinformiranostjo pacientov in tako prisotnostjo neprijetnih občutkov med preiskavo kot tudi nezadovoljstvom z zdravstveno obravnavo. Informiranje tako predstavlja pomemben koncept v odnosu med bolniki in osebjem. Namen: Namen raziskave je opredeliti pojem informiranosti ter ugotoviti, kako informiranost o sevanju vpliva na pacientovo seznanjenost s sevanjem in radiološkimi slikovnimi načini, njegovo čustveno doživljanje preiskave in zadovoljstvo z zdravstveno obravnavo. Metode dela: V prvem delu magistrskega dela smo predstavili teoretična izhodišča: vrste sevanja, njegove učinke na človeško telo, vsakodnevne vire izpostavljenosti, nato pa še pojem informiranosti v odnosu med pacienti in zdravstvenim osebjem. Kot merski instrument smo uporabili anketni vprašalnik, k sodelovanju pa smo povabili paciente, ki so v obdobju zbiranja podatkov opravljali rentgensko slikanje. Z vprašalnikom smo preverjali, do katere mere so pacienti informirani o preiskavi, ki jih čaka, in kakšne so v povezavi z informiranjem njihove želje ter pričakovanja. Poleg tega nas je zanimalo, kakšna je lastna angažiranost ljudi po pridobivanju informacij, kako doživljajo radiološke inženirje, ki opravljajo slikanje, kakšna čustva občutijo med preiskavami in kako zadovoljni so z obravnavo. Anketni vprašalnik je bil izveden v spletni obliki s pomočjo programa 1ka. Pridobljene rezultate smo analizirali s programom SPSS in jih nato primerjali z različnimi že obstoječimi raziskavami na to temo. Rezultati: Anketo je ustrezno izpolnilo 206 pacientov. Bolniki so s strani zdravstvenega osebja srednje dobro informirani (2,56), a so na tem področju vsekakor mogoče izboljšave. S količino informacij s strani zdravnikov in radioloških inženirjev so v povprečju zadovoljni (3,82 in 4,06), a si večinoma ne želijo prejeti podatka o dozi, ki ji bodo izpostavljeni med preiskavo. Tako informiranost s strani osebja (p-vrednosti ? 0,006) kot tudi lastna angažiranost po pridobivanju informacij (p-vrednosti ? 0,001) sta povezani s stopnjo znanja o sevanju. Spol in starost s stopnjo znanja o sevanju nista povezana, za razliko od stopnje izobrazbe (p-vrednosti ? 0,008). Spol je povezan s čustvenim doživljanjem preiskave in sicer ženske pogosteje poročajo o negativnih čustev (p < 0,001), medtem ko ostali dejavniki s čustvenim doživljanjem niso povezani. Zadovoljstvo z obravnavo je pri posameznikih, ki večkrat samoiniciativno iščejo informacije, statistično značilno večje (p = 0,038), stopnja zadovoljstva pa z demografskimi dejavniki ni povezana. Pacienti, ki jih slika radiološki inženir s pozitivnimi osebnostnimi lastnostmi, doživljajo med preiskavo manj negativnih občutkov (p = 0,001) in so bolj zadovoljni z zdravstveno obravnavo (p < 0,001). Tudi v urejenem okolju oziroma prostoru, kjer poteka slikanje, pacienti doživljajo manj negativnih občutkov (p < 0,001). Razprava in zaključek: Raziskava je pokazala, da je pacientovo znanje o sevanju povezano z informiranostjo. Radiološki inženirji lahko pomembno spremenijo pacientovo izkušnjo na radiološkem oddelku, prav je lahko veliko doseženo z urejenostjo prostora. V prihodnje bi bilo smiselno izvesti podobne raziskave na vzorcu več zdravstvenih zavodov in na pacientih, ki so opravljali tudi zahtevnejše radiološke preiskave. Le na ta način bi pridobili najbolj jasen pregled nad informiranostjo v Sloveniji.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: magistrska dela, radiološka tehnologija, rentgen, sevanje, informiranost, seznanjenost, pacienti, zadovoljstvo, dojemanje
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Typology: 2.09 - Master's Thesis
• Organization: ZF - Faculty of Health Sciences
• Place of publishing: Ljubljana
• Publisher: [Ž. Bajc]
• Year: 2022
• Number of pages: 129 str., [36] str. pril.
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-141479
• UDC: 616-07
• COBISS.SI-ID: 124207619
• Publication date in RUL: 30.09.2022

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: The knowledge on radiation and imaging methods among Slovenian patients getting a skeleton, chest or teeth x-ray : master thesis

Abstract

Introduction: Due to their noninvasive properties radiologic imaging modalities surely are indispansable part of the modern medicine. Most of them are based on the use of ionizing radiation, which is why its effect on human health has been a relevant topic ever since the discovery of x-rays. Although doctors are legally obliged to provide informed consent, that is, to educate the patients on the risks and benefits of a medical procedure, numerous foreign studies show that the general population has very limited understanding of radiation and its effects. Previous research revealed strong correlation between the lack of information and the patient's discomfort during medical imaging as well as the dissatisfaction with the medical treatment. This means that the informed consent discussion plays a major role in the patient-staff relationship. Purpose: Define the concept of informed consent, and to evaluate the effects of given information on the level of patients' understanding of radiation and radiologic imaging methods, their satisfaction and emotional state during the x-ray imaging. Methods: The introductory part provides a theoretical background on radiation and its effects on the human body, examples of everyday exposure sources and the definition of informed consent. As a measurement instrument, we used a questionnaire, which was distributed to patients who underwent x-ray imaging. It was used to examine the level of the patients' understanding of the procedure after the informed consent discussion. In addition, we examined whether patients take the initiative to educate themselves about the procedure, how they perceive radiographers, how they experience the medical procedure and how satisfied are they with the treatment. The survey was available on the 1ka online platform and the results were analyzed with the IBM SPSS program. The obtained data were compared with previous work. Results: The survey was adequately completed by 206 individuals. The quality of information patients receive from the healthcare workers were evaluated as fairly good (2.56), however there is still some room for improvement. The quantity of information provided by the doctors or the radiographers is satisfactory (3.82 and 4.06 respectively). In general, the patients do not want to be aware of the radiation dose they obtain during the radiologic procedures. Information acquired either from the healthcare professionals (p-values ⡤ 0.006) or by self-educating on the topic (p-values ⡤ 0.001) impacts the level of the patient's understanding of radiation. In contrast to gender and age, education was revealed to have a statistically significant influence on the patient's understanding (p-values ⡤ 0.008). The results also showed a correlation between gender and the patient's comfort during imaging, making women more prone to be in an emotional distress (p < 0.001), while the other factors do not affect the patient's experience. The satisfaction is statistically significantly higher when patients are inclined to inform themselves on the topic (p = 0.038). Meanwhile, no proof of correlation between the demographics and the satisfaction was found. When the patients are treated by radiographers with positive personality traits, they experience statistically significantly less distress (p = 0.001) and are more satisfied (p < 0.001). Similarly, there is a correlation between environmental factors and the patient's comfort (p < 0.001). Discussion and conclusion: The results showed that the level of the patient's understanding of the radiation strongly depends on the quality of the informed consent discussion. Radiographers and a pleasant environment can undoubtedly positively impact the patient's experience in the radiology department. To sufficiently survey the level of the patient's understanding of radiation in Slovenia, future work should extend the study to a bigger sample from various healthcare institutions and include patients who undergo more complex radiology examinations.

• Keywords: master's theses, radiologic technology, x-ray, radiation, information, knowledge, patients, satisfaction, perception