Reference ranges are the most commonly used tool for laboratory test result interpretation. They represent the foundation for doctor's decision whether or not the patient is in need of treatment, which is why its determination is particularly important. Reference ranges are defined as 95% of values of healthy individuals. In principle, each laboratory should establish its own reference ranges that correspond to its local population and methodology. This represents a great challenge for many laboratories as such research is very complex and time and financially demanding. A great alternative is to verify reference ranges, provided from some external source. The guidelines for this process were issued by Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI).
In our master’s thesis we conducted a study of verifying age specific reference ranges for tumour marker prostate specific antigen (PSA), which is used for screening, treatment monitoring and monitoring of prostate cancer progression. PSA levels are increasing gradually with age which is why it makes sense to establish reference ranges according to age. With age specific reference range establishment, we increase the sensitivity of the test which consequently helps with earlier detection of prostate cancer in younger men. In the elderly, prostate cancer is quite common, however most of prostate cancers are not dangerous and have no impact on patient’s quality of life. By monitoring the PSA levels closely, we can avoid non-necessary invasive examinations and do them only if the disease progresses. Elevated levels of prostate specific antigen can indicate prostate cancer or also one of many benign causes. To achieve better diagnostic value of determining PSA, it is recommended to carry out additional analyses, such as measuring the concentration of free prostate specific antigen and determining the free/total PSA ratio.
Our research was carried out in Laboratory for the analysis of hormones and tumour markers of the Clinical institute for clinical chemistry and biochemistry. The study was conducted according to CLSI guidelines. We used a standard procedure that assumes PSA determination in at least 20 volunteers of each age group. Our reference population was formed by following apriori defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Reference values obtained were statistically analysed. Verification of age specific reference ranges for PSA was successful thus we confirmed they are suitable to be transferred to our laboratory.
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