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Grassland use intensity classification using intra-annual Sentinel-1 and -2 time series and environmental variables
ID Potočnik Buhvald, Ana (Author), ID Račič, Matej (Author), ID Immitzer, Markus (Author), ID Oštir, Krištof (Author), ID Veljanovski, Tatjana (Author)

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Abstract
Detailed spatial data on grassland use intensity is needed in several European policy areas for various applications, e.g., agricultural management, supporting nature conservation programs, improving biodiversity strategies, etc. Multisensory remote sensing is an efficient tool to collect information on grassland parameters. However, there is still a lack of studies on how to process, combine, and implement large radar and optical image datasets in a joint observation framework to map grassland types on large heterogeneous study areas. In our study, we assessed the usefulness of 2521 Sentinel-1 and 586 Sentinel-2 satellite images and topographic data for mapping grassland use intensity. We focused on the distinction between intensively and extensively managed permanent grassland in a large heterogeneous study area in Slovenia. We provided dense Satellite Image Time Series (SITS) for 2017, 2018 and 2019 to identify important differences, e.g., management practices, between the two grassland types analysed. We also investigated the effectiveness of combining two different remote-sensing products, the optical Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and radar coherence. Grassland types were distinguished using an object-based approach and the Random Forest classification. With the use of SITS only, the models achieved poor performance in the case of cloudy years (2018). However, the performance improved with additional features (environmental variables). The feature selection method based on Mean Decrease Accuracy (MDA) provided a deeper insight into the high-dimensional multisensory SITS. It helped select the most relevant features (acquisition dates, environmental variables) that distinguish between intensive and extensive grassland types. The addition of environmental variables improved the overall classification accuracy by 7–15%, while the feature selection additionally improved the final overall classification accuracy (using all available features) by 2–3%. Although the reference dataset was limited (1259 training samples), the final overall classification accuracy was above 88% in all years analysed. The results show that the proposed Random Forest classification using combined multisensor data and environmental variables can provide better and more stable information on grasslands than single optical or radar data SITS on large heterogeneous areas. Therefore, a combined approach is recommended to distinguish different grassland types.

Language:English
Keywords:extensive managed grassland, intensive managed grassland, NDVI, coherence, Satellite Image Time Series, Random Forest, feature selection
Work type:Article
Typology:1.01 - Original Scientific Article
Organization:FGG - Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering
Publication status:Published
Publication version:Version of Record
Year:2022
Number of pages:21 str.
Numbering:Vol. 14, iss. 14, art. 3387
PID:20.500.12556/RUL-138330 This link opens in a new window
UDC:528
ISSN on article:2072-4292
DOI:10.3390/rs14143387 This link opens in a new window
COBISS.SI-ID:115487491 This link opens in a new window
Publication date in RUL:15.07.2022
Views:1255
Downloads:100
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Record is a part of a journal

Title:Remote sensing
Shortened title:Remote sens.
Publisher:MDPI
ISSN:2072-4292
COBISS.SI-ID:32345133 This link opens in a new window

Licences

License:CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Link:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Description:This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.

Secondary language

Language:Slovenian
Keywords:ekstenzivno upravljani travniki, intenzivno upravljani travniki, NDVI, koherenca, časovna vrsta satelitskih posnetkov, naključni gozd, izbira značilnosti

Projects

Funder:ARRS - Slovenian Research Agency
Project number:P2-0406
Name:Opazovanje Zemlje in geoinformatika

Funder:ARRS - Slovenian Research Agency
Project number:P6-0079
Name:Antropološke in prostorske raziskave

Funder:ARRS - Slovenian Research Agency
Project number:J2-9251
Name:M3Sat - Metodologija analize časovnih vrst satelitskih posnetkov različnih senzorjev

Funder:EC - European Commission
Project number:LIFE17/IPE/SI/000011
Name:LIFE integrated project for enhanced management of Natura 2000 in Slovenia

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