Extraction of bioactive metabolites from Achillea millefolium L. with choline chloride based natural deep eutectic solvents : a study of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity

Ivanović, Milena (author), Grujić, Dragana (author), Cerar, Janez (author), Islamčević Razboršek, Maša (author), Topalić-Trivunović, Ljiljana (author), Savić, Aleksandar (author), Kočar, Drago (author), Kolar, Mitja (author)

In this study, the extraction efficiency of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) based on choline chloride as a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and five different hydrogen bond donors (HBD; lactic acid, 1,4-butanediol, 1,2-propanediol, fructose and urea) was evaluated for the first time for the isolation of valuable bioactive compounds from Achillea millefolium L. The phytochemical profiles of NADES extracts obtained after ultrasound-assisted extraction were evaluated both spectrophotometrically (total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant assays) and chromatographically (UHPLC-MS and HPLC-UV). The results were compared with those obtained with 80% ethanol, 80% methanol, and water. The highest TPC value was found in the lactic acid-based NADES (ChCl-LA), which correlated with the highest antioxidant activity determined by the FRAP analysis. On the other hand, the highest antiradical potential against ABTS$^{+•}$ was determined for urea-based NADES. Phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers), flavones (luteolin and apigenin), and their corresponding glucosides were determined as the dominant individual phenolic compounds in all extracts. The antibacterial and antifungal properties of the extracts obtained against four bacterial cultures and two yeasts were evaluated using two methods: the agar dilution method to obtain the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal or fungicidal concentration (MBC or MFC), and the disc diffusion method. ChCl-LA had the lowest MIC and MBC/MFC with respect to all microorganisms, with an MIC ranging from 0.05 mg mL$^{−1}$ to 0.8 mg mL$^{−1}$, while the water extract had the weakest inhibitory activity with MIC and MBC/MFC higher than 3.2 mg mL$^{−1}$.

• Language: English
• Keywords: natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), density and viscosity, yarrow, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity
• Work type: Article
• Typology: 1.01 - Original Scientific Article
• Organization: FKKT - Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
• Publication status: Published
• Publication version: Version of Record
• Year: 2022
• Number of pages: 17 str.
• Numbering: Vol. 11, iss. 4, art. 724
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-137444
• UDC: 543
• ISSN on article: 2076-3921
• DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040724
• COBISS.SI-ID: 104614915
• Publication date in RUL: 17.06.2022

Record is a part of a journal

• Title: Antioxidants
• Shortened title: Antioxidants
• Publisher: MDPI
• ISSN: 2076-3921
• COBISS.SI-ID: 522976025

Licences

• License: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
• Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Description: This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.
• Licensing start date: 06.04.2022

Secondary language

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: viskoznost, fenoli, antioksidanti