Analiza pojavnosti sintetičnih kanabinoidov v skupini novih psihoaktivnih snovi med leti 2008 in 2021 v Evropi

Ribič, Nina (author), Sollner Dolenc, Marija (mentor)

Prisotnost novih psihoaktivnih snovi (NPS) je v zadnjih desetletjih močno narastla. Gre za snovi, ki so nadomestek že uveljavljenim in hkrati prepovedanim drogam na tržišču. Najštevilčnejša skupina NPS, ki je pod nadzorom Evropskega centera za spremljanje drog in zasvojenosti z drogami (EMCDDA), je skupina sintetičnih kanabinoidov, ki se uporabljajo kot legalni nadomestki za konopljo. Te snovi so enostavno dostopne na spletu in imajo pomankljivo oznako na ovojnini, da se izognejo zakonskemu nadzoru. Kljub zavajajoči ovojnini in enostavni dostopnosti pa lahko uporaba povzroči hude posledice za uporabnike. Namen tega magistrskega dela je bil določiti obseg pojavljanja in vrste novih sintetičnih kanabinoidov v Evropi in Sloveniji med leti 2008 in 2021. Kot vir podatkov nam je služila baza Evropske zbirke podatkov o novih drogah (EDNDII), letna poročila EMCDDA in poročila Nacionalnega inštituta za javno zdravje. Analiza je pokazala zaskrbljujoče izsledke, da se je od leta 2008 do leta 2021 skupno pojavilo 228 različnih sintetičnih kanabinoidov na območju celotne Evrope. Največji porast je bil med leti 2011 in 2015. Med vsemi na novo odkritimi sintetičnimi kanabinoidi se jih je v letih, ki smo jih analizirali, v Sloveniji prvič pojavilo kar 19. Vodilna članica v tej kategoriji je Nemčija, kjer so v enakem obdobju odkrili 53 novih sintetičnih kanabinoidov. Sintetični kanabinoidi, ki lahko predstavljajo resno tveganje za javno zdravje, so deležni intenzivnega spremljanja. Trenutno število intenzivno spremljanih je 5. Od leta 2016 je uradno oceno tveganja s strani EMCDDA dobilo 7 sintetičnih kanabinoidov, vsi ti pa so skupno vpleteni v več kot 100 smrtnih primerov. V raziskavi nas je prav tako zanimal način pojavljanja te skupine NPS. EMCDAA uvršča pojavljanje novih psihoaktivnih snovi v tri kategorije: zasežene, prinesene na zbirna mesta in prisotne v odvzetih bioloških vzorcih (kri, slina, itd.). Pregledali smo tudi, kateri sintetični kanabinoidi so se uvrstili na seznam prepovedanih drog v Sloveniji v obdobju od leta 2008 do 2021. Podatki kažejo, da kljub prizadevanjem članic EMCDAA za čim večjo omejitev dostopnosti novih psihoaktivnih snovi na trgu, ostaja skupina sintetičnih kanabinoidov še vedno široko dostopna po vsej Evropi. Ravno zaradi tega je pomembno, da sistemi za zgodnje opozarjanje pravočasno odkrijejo takšne snovi, da se lahko javnost in zdravstvene agencije pravočasno in učinkovito odzovejo ter s tem zmanjšajo tveganje za javno zdravje.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: nove psihoaktivne snovi, sintetični kanabinoidi, EMCDDA, EDNDII
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Organization: FFA - Faculty of Pharmacy
• Year: 2022
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-136158
• Publication date in RUL: 14.04.2022

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Analysis of synthetic cannabinoids incidence in a group of new psychoactive substances between 2008 and 2021 in Europe

Abstract

The presence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) has in recent decades risen significantly. NPS is an umbrella term for various forms of psychoactive substances that are a substitute for illicit drugs on the market. The largest group of NPS which EMCDDA is monitoring is the group of synthetic cannabinoids which serves as legal substitutes for cannabis. These compounds can be easily purchased online and has a misleading labels, effectively avoiding legal control. Despite all that, usage of these substances can have serious consequences on public health. The purpose of this research was to discover the widespread and the type of new synthetic cannabinoids both in Europe and Slovenia between years 2008 and 2021. The source of analysis was the European New Drugs Database (EDNDII), EMCDDA annual reports and reports from the Slovenian National Institute of Public Health. The analysis has shown worrying findings that between 2008 and 2021, a total of 228 different synthetic cannabinoids had appeared across Europe. The largest increase was found between 2011 and 2015. In this period of analysis of all the newly discovered cannabinoids as many as 19 appeared for the first time in Slovenia. The leading member in this category is Germany where 53 new cannabinoids were discovered in the same period. Synthetic cannabinoids that can pose a serious risk to public health are subject to intensive monitoring. Currently they intensely monitor 5 cannabinoides. Since 2016, 7 synthetic cannabinoids have received official risk assessments by the EMCDDA, all of which are involved in more than 100 deaths. While conducting our research we were also interested in the what way the NPS were discovered. The EMCDDA classifies the occurrence of new synthetic compounds into three categories: seized, collected on intended collection points and taken from a biological sample (blood, saliva, etc.). As part of this analysis we also reviewed the of synthetic cannabinoids which were included in the list of illicit drugs in Slovenia between 2008 and 2021. The data show that despite the efforts of EMCDAA members to limit the availability of new psychoactive substances as much as possible, the group of synthetic cannabinoids still remains widely available throughout Europe. The unknown risk to public health is the single most important factor and motivation that the new substances should be discovered as soon as possible so that the relevant institutions can respond appropriately in a timely and effective manner.

• Keywords: new psychoactive substances, synthetic cannabinoids, EMCDDA, EDNDII