Vpliv probiotikov na povečano proizvodnjo protiteles po cepljenju

Balkovec, Anamarija (author), Štrukelj, Borut (mentor)

Cepiva so zelo pomembna v boju proti infekcijskim boleznim. Ker svoj učinek dosežejo z aktivacijo imunskega sistema, je njihova učinkovitost močno odvisna od posameznika. Predvsem pri starejših ljudeh imajo cepiva slabši učinek, saj funkcija imunskega sistema s starostjo upada. Razlogi za to so različni, najpogosteje se omenja zmanjšano število fagocitnih celic, okvarjeno izražanje receptorjev TLR in molekul poglavitnega tkivnoskladnostnega kompleksa, ter posledično zmanjšana antigen-predstavitvena sposobnost dendritičnih celic. Znano je, da probiotiki pozitivno vplivajo na zdravje posameznika, nekateri sevi imajo tudi imunološke učinke. Ti so povezani z vplivom probiotikov na delovanje dendritičnih celic, limfocitov T in B, pa tudi na izločanje citokinov. Kot adjuvansi pri cepivih imajo potencial tudi zato, ker njihovo delovanje ni odvisno od mesta aplikacije cepiva. V okviru magistrske naloge smo pregledali znanstvene članke, ki obravnavajo vpliv probiotikov na odziv po cepljenju. Za iskanje literature smo uporabili podatkovno bazo PubMed in podatkovno knjižnico Cochrane. Osredotočili smo se na klinične študije, ki so na kontrolni in testni skupini primerjale odziv imunskega sistema, natančneje titre nastalih protiteles, pri čemer je testna skupina prejemala probiotik, kontrolna skupina pa placebo. Preverili smo, ali obstajajo razlike v učinkovitosti probiotikov pri različnih starostnih skupinah, pri čemer smo študije razdelili na tiste, kjer so bili prostovoljci otroci, mlajši od enega leta, otroci, starejši od enega leta, odrasli, stari med osemnajst in petinšestdeset let, in odrasli, starejši od petinšestdeset let. Izkazalo se je, da učinkovitost probiotikov ni enaka pri vseh. Do statistično značilnih razlik je namreč prišlo pri odraslih prostovoljcih, pri otrocih pa ne. V drugem delu smo preverjali, ali probiotiki povečajo nastajanje imunoglobulinov razredov G in A. Prvi so kazalnik folikularnega odziva v germinalnih centrih, ki je pomemben za nastajanje spominskih limfocitov B in dolgotrajno zaščito. Imunoglobulini A pa so kazalnik odziva sluzničnega imunskega sistema, na katerega adjuvansi, ki jih trenutno uporabljajo v cepivih, nimajo učinka. V delu študij je pri prostovoljcih prišlo do povečanega nastajanja teh dveh razredov imunoglobulinov. Probiotiki imajo torej velik potencial kot adjuvansi, saj pri odraslih in starejših odraslih povečajo nastajanje protiteles po cepljenju.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: probiotiki, cepljenje, protitelesa
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Organization: FFA - Faculty of Pharmacy
• Year: 2022
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-134947
• Publication date in RUL: 12.02.2022

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: The influence of probiotics on enhanced production of antibodies after vaccination

Abstract

Vaccines are important in preventing infectious diseases. Their effect depends on the ability of the vaccinated person’s immune system to develop an immune response. Especially in the elderly the vaccines are not as effective. This is due to the decreasing function of the immune system throughout life. The two main reasons are lower numbers of phagocytic cells, as well as impaired expression of TLR receptors and the cells of the major histocompatibility complex. It has been known for years that probiotics have a positive effect on people’s health and that some specific strains modulate the immune system. They influence the activity of dendritic cells, lymphocytes T and B, and the secretion of cytokines. Furthermore, their benefits occur, even if they are applied independently of the vaccines. In the master thesis we reviewed articles on the influence of probiotics on the immune response after vaccination. We used the PubMed database and the Cochrane Library as our sources of clinical studies that compared the responses of the immune system with the emphasis on antibody levels. We focused on the studies that compared test groups, where volunteers received probiotics, and their control groups were given placebo. The first part of the thesis was focused on the effectiveness of probiotics across all ages; therefore, we divided the studies according to the age of the volunteers. Our four groups were as follows: infants, children up to eighteen, adults aged eighteen to sixty-five and adults above sixty-five. The results indicated the highest rate of effectiveness among adults and the elderly. In the second part of the thesis we looked at the ability of probiotics to increase the production of immunoglobulins class G and A. The latter is a sign of the response of the mucosal immune system, which currently used vaccine adjuvants do not activate. Immunoglobulins of class G are an indicator of the vaccine triggering the follicular response in the germinal centres, which is important for the long-lasting immune response. There has been a significant rise in the production of both immunoglobulin classes in some of the test groups. The conclusion we draw from our research states, that probiotics have great potential as adjuvants in vaccines, due to their ability to increase antibody production in adults and the elderly, post-vaccination.

• Keywords: probiotics, vaccination, antibodies