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Monitoring of unhatched eggs in Hermannʼs tortoise (Testudo hermanni) after artificial incubation and possible improvements in hatching
ID
Dovč, Alenka
(
Author
),
ID
Stvarnik, Mateja
(
Author
),
ID
Lindtner-Knific, Renata
(
Author
),
ID
Gregurić Gračner, Gordana
(
Author
),
ID
Klobučar, Igor
(
Author
),
ID
Zorman-Rojs, Olga
(
Author
)
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https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/478
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Abstract
The causes of embryonic mortality in Hermann’s tortoises (Testudo hermanni) during artificial incubation were determined. Total egg failure at the end of the hatching period was investigated. The hatching artefacts represented 19.2% (N = 3557) of all eggs (N = 18,520). The viability rate of incubated eggs was 80.8%. The eggs, i.e., embryos, were sorted according to the cause of unsuccessful hatching and subsequently analyzed. Some of the eggs were divided into two or more groups. Unfertilized eggs were confirmed in 61.0%, infected eggs in 52.5%, and eggs in various stages of desiccation in 19.1%. This group also included mummified embryos. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus sp., Purpureocillium lilacinum, and Escherichia coli were frequently confirmed in infected eggs. Embryos were divided into three groups: embryos up to 1.0 cm—group 1 (2.2%), embryos from 1.0 cm to 1.5 cm—group 2 (5.4%) and embryos longer than 1.5 cm—group 3 (7.3%) of all unhatched eggs. Inability of embryos to peck the shell was found in 1.3%. These tortoises died shortly before hatching. Embryos still alive from the group 2 and group 3 were confirmed in 0.7% of cases. Dead and alive deformed embryos and twins were detected in the group 3 in 0.5% and 0.1% of cases, respectively. For successful artificial hatching, it is important to establish fumigation with disinfectants prior to incubation and elimination of eggs with different shapes, eggs with broken shells, and eggs weighted under 10 g. Eggs should be candled before and periodically during artificial incubation, and all unfertilized and dead embryos must be removed. Heartbeat monitor is recommended. Proper temperature and humidity, incubation of “clean” eggs on sterile substrate and control for the presence of mites is essential. Monitoring of the parent tortoises is also necessary.
Language:
English
Keywords:
Testudo hermanni
,
eggs
,
artificial incubation
,
hatching artefacts
,
turtles
Work type:
Article
Typology:
1.01 - Original Scientific Article
Organization:
VF - Veterinary Faculty
Publication status:
Published
Publication version:
Version of Record
Year:
2021
Number of pages:
22 str.
Numbering:
Vol. 11, iss. 2, art. 478
PID:
20.500.12556/RUL-132076
UDC:
636.09:796.015:612:577
ISSN on article:
2076-2615
DOI:
10.3390/ani11020478
COBISS.SI-ID:
51457795
Publication date in RUL:
11.10.2021
Views:
1150
Downloads:
151
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Record is a part of a journal
Title:
Animals
Shortened title:
Animals
Publisher:
MDPI AG
ISSN:
2076-2615
COBISS.SI-ID:
519120409
Licences
License:
CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Link:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Description:
This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.
Licensing start date:
11.02.2021
Projects
Funder:
Other - Other funder or multiple funders
Funding programme:
Slovenia, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food
Funder:
ARRS - Slovenian Research Agency
Project number:
V4-2024
Name:
Reja domačih živali z nadgradnjo dobrobiti živali v skladu z družbenimi zahtevami
Funder:
ARRS - Slovenian Research Agency
Project number:
P4-0092
Name:
Zdravje živali, okolje in varna hrana
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