Zavarovanje terjatev po rimskem in sodobnem slovenskem pravu

Zabret, Samo (author), Kambič, Marko (mentor)

Zavarovanje terjatev ima v sodobnem poslovnem svetu veliko vlogo. Primarna naloga zavarovanja je, da upniku omogoči lažje poplačilo njegove terjatve. Po drugi strani pa bo, če bo več možnosti za zavarovanje neke terjatve in bodo oblike zavarovanja kakovostnejše, več upnikov voljnih ustvarjati obveznosti med sabo in dolžniki, ti pa bodo posledično lažje pridobili potrebna sredstva za svoje poslovanje. Kot številni pravni instituti imajo tudi nekateri od teh, ki jih uporabljamo za zavarovanje terjatev, podlago že v rimskem pravu. Nekatere oblike zavarovanj so sicer značilne zgolj za rimsko pravo, nekaj pa se jih je pojavilo pozneje in jih, ko primerjamo sodobno slovensko pravo z rimskim, najdemo zgolj v današnjem času. Lep primer oblike zavarovanja, ki je obstajala zgolj v rimskem pravu, je nexum. Pri njem se je ob neplačilu obveznosti poseglo po človeškem telesu, kar je za sodobni čas nepredstavljivo, saj je v ospredju varovanje človekovih pravic, tudi v rimskem pravu pa je tak način zavarovanja značilen zgolj za zgodnejše obdobje. Glede na stopnjo razvitosti rimskega prava ni veliko presenečenje, da sta se že v njem razvila instituta, kot sta poroštvo in zastavna pravica, ki se je razvila postopoma skozi institut fiducia cum creditore contracta. Oba instituta imata pomembno vlogo tako v rimskem pravu kot tudi še zdaj v sodobnem slovenskem pravu, ki je oba instituta pretežno prevzelo prav iz rimskega prava. Že v rimskem pravu so ločili posestno od neposestne zastavne pravice, največja težava pri neposestni zastavni pravici pa je bilo predvsem pomanjkanje javnih registrov, ki jih poznamo v sodobnem slovenskem pravu. Poroštvo se je v rimskem pravu razvilo od solidarnega do subsidiarnega, ki je temeljna oblika poroštva tudi v slovenskem pravu. Zavarovanje terjatev v rimskem pravu je bilo kvalitetno urejeno in kljub nekaterim razlikam med njim in sodobnim slovenskim pravom pomeni dobro podlago za našo ureditev, z vpogledom v nastanek določenih institutov pa nam omogoča tudi njihovo boljše razumevanje.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: nexum, fiducia cum creditore contracta, pignus, hipoteka, poroštvo, upnik, dolžnik
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Organization: PF - Faculty of Law
• Year: 2021
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-131165
• COBISS.SI-ID: 77211651
• Publication date in RUL: 23.09.2021

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Debt security in Roman and modern Slovenian law

Abstract

Debt security plays a prominent role in the modern business world. The primary goal of debt security is to enable the creditor to repay his claim more easily. On the other hand, if there are more possibilities for securing a certain claim and if the quality of the offered insurance is higher, more creditors will be willing to create obligations between them and the debtors, and the debtors will consequently find it easier to obtain the necessary funds for their business. Like many legal institutes, some of those used for debt security originate in Roman law. Certain forms of debt security are typical solely of Roman law, while others appeared later; when comparing modern Slovenian law with Roman law, we can obviously find the latter forms only in the present time. A good example of a form of debt security that existed solely in Roman law is nexum. In the case of nexum, non-payment of obligation encroached on the human body, which is of course unimaginable in modern times, with the protection of human rights being in the forefront. Even in Roman law this method of debt security was only typical of earlier periods. Given the extent of advancement of Roman law, it is not surprising that institutes such as suretyship and lien evolved within, the latter having developed gradually through the institute fiducia cum creditore contracta. Both institutes play an important role both in Roman law and modern Slovenian law, which has largely adopted the two institutes from Roman law. Moreover, Roman law already differentiated between possessive and non-possessive right of lien. The biggest issue with the latter was a lack of public registers, while such register now exists for the modern Slovenian law to rely on. Suretyship in Roman law developed from a solidarity type to a subsidiary one, which is the basic type of suretyship in Slovenian law as well. The insurance of debt in Roman law was very well established. Despite certain differences with modern Slovenian law, it represents a good foundation for our regulations, and offers insight into the development of certain institutes, which also allows us to understand them better.

• Keywords: nexum, fiducia cum creditore contracta, pignus, mortgage, suretyship, creditor, debtor