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Spacio-temporal distribution and tourist impact on airborne bacteria in a cave (Škocjan Caves, Slovenia)
ID
Mulec, Janez
(
Author
),
ID
Oarga-Mulec, Andreea
(
Author
),
ID
Šturm, Samo
(
Author
),
ID
Tomazin, Rok
(
Author
),
ID
Matos, Tadeja
(
Author
)
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MD5: 7E402937128B664F09911C1CC0526851
URL - Source URL, Visit
http://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/9/3/28
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Abstract
(1) Background: Airborne microbes are an integral part of a cave ecosystem. Cave allochtonous airborne microbiota, which occurs mainly during aerosolization from an underground river, from animals, and from visitors, is particularly pronounced in show caves. The impacts of tourists and natural river aerosolization on the cave air were estimated in large cave spaces within the Škocjan Caves; (2) Methods: Simultaneously with the measurements of atmospheric parameters, cultivable airborne bacteria were impacted, counted and identified using MALDI-TOF MS (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry); (3) Results: A mix of bacteria typically associated with humans and with natural habitats, including a large percentage of non-identified isolates, was found in the cave air. Few of the isolates were attributed to Risk Group 2. A strong positive correlation between tourist numbers and the rise in the concentration of airborne bacteria was indicated. Concentration of airborne bacteria rises to particularly high levels close to the underground river during periods of high discharge. A 10-times lower discharge reflected an approximately 20-times lower concentration of airborne bacteria; (4) Conclusions: Caves that are open and visited contain a diverse airborne microbiota originating from different sources. Enormous cave chambers that display relatively dynamic cave climate conditions do not normally support the enhancement of airborne bacterial concentrations.
Language:
English
Keywords:
karst caves
,
tourists
,
bacteria
,
Škocjan Caves
,
Slovenia
,
show cave
,
tourism impact
,
aerobiology
,
biomass
,
MALDI-TOF MS
Work type:
Article
Typology:
1.01 - Original Scientific Article
Organization:
MF - Faculty of Medicine
Publication status:
Published
Publication version:
Version of Record
Year:
2017
Number of pages:
14 str.
Numbering:
Vol. 9, iss. 3, art. 28
PID:
20.500.12556/RUL-131014
UDC:
579:551.44(497.4)
ISSN on article:
1424-2818
DOI:
10.3390/d9030028
COBISS.SI-ID:
41852973
Publication date in RUL:
21.09.2021
Views:
690
Downloads:
144
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Record is a part of a journal
Title:
Diversity
Shortened title:
Diversity
Publisher:
MDPI
ISSN:
1424-2818
COBISS.SI-ID:
517523737
Licences
License:
CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Link:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Description:
This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.
Licensing start date:
01.09.2017
Secondary language
Language:
Slovenian
Keywords:
kraške jame
,
turisti
,
bakterije
,
Škocjanske jame
,
Slovenija
Projects
Funder:
ARRS - Slovenian Research Agency
Project number:
J7-7100
Name:
Naravni viri kraških turističnih jam: ravnovesje med varovanjem, izkoriščanjem in promocijo
Funder:
ARRS - Slovenian Research Agency
Project number:
L7-8268
Name:
Krasoslovne raziskave za trajnostno rabo Škocjanskih jam kot svetovne dediščine
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