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Contribution of drinking water softeners to daily phosphate intake in Slovenia
ID
Jereb, Gregor
(
Author
),
ID
Poljšak, Borut
(
Author
),
ID
Eržen, Ivan
(
Author
)
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http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/14/10/1186
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Abstract
The cumulative phosphate intake in a typical daily diet is high and, according to several studies, already exceeds recommended values. The exposure of the general population to phosphorus via drinking water is generally not known. One of the hidden sources of phosphorus in a daily diet is sodium polyphosphate, commonly used as a drinking water softener. In Slovenia, softening of drinking water is carried out exclusively within the internal (household) drinking water supply systems to prevent the accumulation of limescale. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of sodium phosphates in the drinking water in Slovenia in different types of buildings, to determine residents’ awareness of the presence of chemical softeners in their drinking water, and to provide an exposure assessment on the phosphorus intake from drinking water. In the current study, the presence of phosphates in the samples of drinking water was determined using a spectrophotometric method with ammonium molybdate. In nearly half of the samples, the presence of phosphates as water softeners was confirmed. The measured concentrations varied substantially from 0.2 mg PO$_4$/L to 24.6 mg PO$_4$/L. Nearly 70% of the respondents were not familiar with the exact data on water softening in their buildings. It follows that concentrations of added phosphates should be controlled and the consumers should be informed of the added chemicals in their drinking water. The health risks of using sodium polyphosphate as a drinking water softener have not been sufficiently investigated and assessed. It is highly recommended that proper guidelines and regulations are developed and introduced to protect human health from adverse effects of chemicals in water intended for human consumption.
Language:
English
Keywords:
drinking water
,
softening
,
polyphosphates
,
exposure assessment
Work type:
Article
Typology:
1.01 - Original Scientific Article
Organization:
ZF - Faculty of Health Sciences
Publication status:
Published
Publication version:
Version of Record
Year:
2017
Number of pages:
10 str.
Numbering:
Vol. 14, iss. 10, art. 1186
PID:
20.500.12556/RUL-131012
UDC:
614.777:661.635.68
ISSN on article:
1660-4601
DOI:
10.3390/ijerph14101186
COBISS.SI-ID:
5316971
Publication date in RUL:
21.09.2021
Views:
951
Downloads:
159
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Record is a part of a journal
Title:
International journal of environmental research and public health
Shortened title:
Int. j. environ. res. public health
Publisher:
MDPI
ISSN:
1660-4601
COBISS.SI-ID:
1818965
Licences
License:
CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Link:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Description:
This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.
Licensing start date:
06.10.2017
Secondary language
Language:
Slovenian
Keywords:
pitna voda
,
mehčanje vode
,
polifosfati
,
ocena izpostavljenosti
Projects
Funder:
EC - European Commission
Funding programme:
European Social Fund
Funder:
Other - Other funder or multiple funders
Funding programme:
Ministry of Education, Science and Sport of the Republic of Slovenia
Project number:
322/2012
Funder:
ARRS - Slovenian Research Agency
Project number:
P3-0388
Name:
Mehanizmi varovanja zdravja
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