Miniaturni IoT senzorski sistem napajan s perovskitno sončno celico za uporabo v zaprtih prostorih : magistrsko delo

Uršič, Darjo (author), Pirc, Matija (mentor)

Perovskitne sončne celice (PSC) so tehnologija sončnih celic, ki se v zadnjih letih najhitreje razvija. V zelo kratkem času so bile dosežene učinkovitosti pretvorbe nad 25%, kot zelo učinkovita se je pa pokazala tudi njihova integracija s silicijevimi celicami v tandemske sončne celice. Kljub potencialu, ki ga imajo, pa zaenkrat zaradi slabše stabilnosti pod zunanjimi pogoji večinoma ostajajo omejene na uporabo v laboratorijih in v okviru mer, ki ne presegajo nekaj kvadratnih centimetrov. V izogib zgornjim izzivom se je pojavila nišna aplikacija uporabe PSC v notranjih prostorih za napajanje različnih naprav, med drugim tudi v napravah interneta stvari (ang. Internet of Things, IoT). V ta namen je poleg učinkovite sončne celice potrebna tudi zmogljiva elektronika z nizko porabo. V nalogi prikažemo komercialno ugodno elektronsko vezje za črpanje energije iz ene same PSC in spremljanje njenih parametrov. Z uporabo zadnjih standardov Bluetootha in varčnih integriranih vezij smo zmanjšali povprečno porabo pod 10 µA. Tako nizka poraba omogoča uporabo superkondenzatorjev za shranjevanje energije namesto sicer uveljavljenih Li-ion baterij, kar omogoča poenostavitev sistema. Uresničljivost koncepta smo demonstrirali z razvojem samozadostne naprave IoT, ki se napaja iz ene same laboratorijske PSC in skladišči energijo v superkondenzatorju. Z napravo merimo intenziteto svetlobe v prostoru in parametre sistema, ki so posredovani oddaljenemu sprejemniku in se tam zbirajo. Izkoriščanje Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) promocijskih kanalov omogoča učinkovito enosmerno brezžično komunikacijo, ki ima doseg do nekaj 10 m in omogoča večdnevno delovanje brez energije sonca, ko je superkondenzator do konca napolnjen. Prototip dokazuje, da današnje laboratorijske PSC že omogočajo izgradnjo avtonomnih senzorjev z brezžično komunikacijo. Dobri izkoristki celic že pri zelo majhnih površinah omogočajo generiranje dovolj energije tudi v zaprtih prostorih. S primerno zasnovo elektronike lahko tako dosežemo dolgotrajno delovanje z zelo malo energije, s čimer omogočimo praktično aplikacijo perovskitnih sončnih celic za avtonomno napajanje IoT naprav v zaprtih prostorih.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: perovskitne sončne celice, internet stvari, črpanje energije, Bluetooth, superkondenzatorji
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Typology: 2.09 - Master's Thesis
• Organization: FE - Faculty of Electrical Engineering
• Place of publishing: Ljubljana
• Publisher: [D. Uršič]
• Year: 2021
• Number of pages: XX, 58 str.
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-129738
• UDC: 621.383.51:004(043.2)
• COBISS.SI-ID: 75602435
• Publication date in RUL: 07.09.2021

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Perovskite solar cell powered IoT sensor node for indoor applications : magistrski študijski program druge stopnje Elektrotehnika

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSC) are the fastest-growing solar cell technology in recent years. A remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) above 25% has been reached in a very short time, while at the same time perovskite are also compatible with silicon technology to form tandem solar cells. Despite their potential, due to stability concerns they mostly remain limited to laboratory use and within dimensions not exceeding a few square centimetres. As a solution to the above challenges, a niche application to use PSC to power indoor electronics, such as devices for Internet of things (IoT), has arisen. Besides the excellent PCE of these cells, also an efficient, low-power electronics is required. In this paper, we present a commercially viable electronic circuit for harvesting energy from a single PSC and monitoring its parameters. Use of the latest Bluetooth standards and efficient integrated circuits can lower average consumption below 10 µA. This allows the use of supercapacitors for energy storage instead of the otherwise established Li-ion batteries, which simplifies the system. The feasibility of the concept was demonstrated by the development of a self-sufficient IoT device that is powered by a single laboratory PSC and stores energy in a supercapacitor. The device measures the intensity of light in the room and the parameters of the system, which are transmitted to the remote receiver and recorded there. Exploiting Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) promotional channels enables efficient one-way wireless communication with a range of up to a few tens of meters and allows a few days of uninterrupted operation without solar energy when the supercapacitor is fully charged. The prototype shows that today’s laboratory PSCs already allow the construction of autonomous sensor nodes with wireless communication. The good cell efficiency enables the generation of sufficient energy even indoors with quite small solar cells. By suitable design of electronics, long-term operation with very little energy can be achieved, enabling the practical application of perovskite solar cells to autonomously power IoT devices intended for indoor operation.

• Keywords: perovskites, Internet of Things, Energy harvesting, Bluetooth, supercapacitors