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Raznolikost ortobunjavirusov v komarjih v Sloveniji
ID Jaklič, Barbara (Author), ID Avšič Županc, Tatjana (Mentor) More about this mentor... This link opens in a new window

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Abstract
Za ortobunjaviruse je značilna preprosta zgradba virusnih delcev iz samo štirih strukturnih proteinov, njihov genom pa predstavlja tridelna negativno orientirana enoverižna DNA. Spadajo med arboviruse, kar pomeni, da jih prenašajo členonožci. Njihovi najpogostejši prenašalci so komarji, ki so pomembni vektorji tudi drugih porajajočih se virusov v Evropi, Afriki, Ameriki in Aziji. Raziskave na komarjih, kot prenašalcih porajajočih se mikroorganizmov, so bile v preteklosti večinoma prezrte. Z izbruhom virusa čikungunja v Italiji avgusta 2007 in pojavom tigrastega komarja v Sloveniji ter hitrim širjenjem in porastom njegove populacije pa smo prišli do spoznanja, da Slovenija predstavlja eno od vstopnih točk za vektorsko prenosljive bolezni v Evropi. Poleg virusov, ki so dokazano patogeni za ljudi, lahko komarji prenašajo tudi številne viruse z neznanim patogenetskim potencialom. Med takšne sodijo mnogi ortobunjavirusi, ki jih pogosto opisujejo kot del komarjevega viroma. Hkrati so med njimi že dokazali tudi za človeka nevarne viruse. Nekateri poznani ortobunjavirusi namreč povzročajo vročico – virus Bunyamwera (BUNV), samoomejevalno mrzlico – virus Oropouche (OROV), hemoragično mrzlico – virus Ngari ali encefalitis – virus La Crosse (LACV). Poleg tega imajo nekateri ortobunjavirusi tudi teratogene učinke, primer takšnega je virus doline Cache. Namen diplomskega dela je bil preveriti pogostost okužbe z ortobunjavirusi v različnih vrstah komarjev, ulovljenih na 28 različnih lokacijah po Sloveniji v letih 2017, 2018 in 2019. S podrobnejšo analizo virusnega genoma smo želeli opredeliti raznolikost ortobunjavirusov v Sloveniji glede na leto, kraj in vrsto komarja. Od 1344 analiziranih vzorcev, ki so vsebovali od 1 do 40 komarjev, smo pri 153 vzorcih (11,4 odstotkov) dokazali okužbo z ortobunjavirusi. Večina skupin komarjev s prisotno okužbo je iz leta 2019, pri čemer je treba upoštevati, da je bilo vzorčenja iz leta v leto več. Z določitvijo zaporedja ohranjenih regij genomskega segmenta L in s primerjavo dobljenih nukleotidnih zaporedij z bazo podatkov GenBank smo izbrali 15 najbolj podobnih in sorodnih zaporedij. Pripadajo virusom, ki jih uvrščamo v rod Orthobunyavirus iz družine Peribunyaviridae in rodova Phasivirus ter Goukovirus iz sorodne družine Phenuiviridae. Vsi trije rodovi so do leta 2019 pripadali družini Bunyaviridae, ki so jo zaradi pospešenega odkrivanja novih virusov razdelili v nove družine znotraj redu Bunyavirales. Na podlagi nadaljnje filogenetskega analize nukleotidnih zaporedij smo lahko sklepali, da je v izbranem časovnem obdobju prihajalo do akumulacije točkovnih mutacij in vnosa novih virusnih vrst, saj so skupine komarjev iz let 2017 in 2018 praviloma v ločenih vejah filogenetskega drevesa. Poleg tega smo opazili tudi korelacijo med krajem vzorčenja komarjev oziroma vrsto komarjev v skupinah in raznolikostjo virusov, saj so se v filogenetskem drevesu oblikovale 4 večje skupine z zelo podobnimi zaporedji, ki so si bila dokaj enotna bodisi v kraju zbiranja bodisi po vrsti komarjev v vzorcu.

Language:Slovenian
Keywords:ortobunjavirusi, komarji, filogenetska analiza
Work type:Bachelor thesis/paper
Typology:2.11 - Undergraduate Thesis
Organization:FKKT - Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
Year:2021
PID:20.500.12556/RUL-129012 This link opens in a new window
COBISS.SI-ID:75152899 This link opens in a new window
Publication date in RUL:23.08.2021
Views:1075
Downloads:78
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Secondary language

Language:English
Title:Diversity of orthobunyaviruses in mosquitos in Slovenia
Abstract:
Orthobunyaviruses belong to one of the four genera in the Peribunyaviridae family and have a structurally simple virion, comprising of only four proteins, and a tripartite, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. As for the others arboviruses, they are transmitted by blood-feeding arthropod vectors, most commonly mosquitos. The importance of studies on mosquitos in Slovenia remained unrecognized until lately. However, since the outbreak of Chikungunya virus in 2007 in Italy and emergence of tiger mosquito in Slovenia and its rapid spreading, our country is acknowledged as entry point for vector-borne diseases. Currently known orthobunyaviruses can have devastating effects either by causing disease symptoms in humans such as febrile illness (Bunyamwera virus), self-limited fever (Oropuche virus), haemorrhagic fever (Ngari virus) and encephalitis (La Crosse virus). Besides, there are some orthobunyaviruses known more to have a potential teratogenic effects, for instance Cache Valley virus. The aim of this thesis was to test the frequency of orthobunyavirus infection in mosquitos, collected on 28 locations all across Slovenia during the years 2017, 2018 and 2019. We found out that out of 1344 tested groups of mosquitos 153 groups, representing 11.4%, contained orthobunyavirus-infected mosquitos. The majority of these are from 2019, when considerably more sampling was made. In addition, our purpose was to define the diversity of orthobunyaviruses, in relation to the year and place of collection or species of their arthropod host. With Sanger sequencing of conserved genomic regions in the L segment and comparison of obtained nucleotide sequences with GenBank database, we selected fifteen closely related sequences, belonging to genera Orthobunyavirus, Phasivirus and Goukovirus. All three of them used to belong to Bunyaviridae family, which was recently divided into separated families in the Bunyavirales order. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, we noticed genetic drift, because the samples from 2017 and 2018 generally formed separate clades. Furthermore, we confirmed the correlation between diversity of viruses and different sampling sites as well as different species of mosquitos, because there were four large groups visible in the phylogenetic tree, comprising of sequences obtained from mosquitos that were similar either in place of their collection or mosquito species.

Keywords:orthobunyaviruses, mosquitos, phylogenetic analysis

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