Navidezni realni stek v teoriji in praksi

Bulović, Jaša (author), Jakulin, Vid (mentor)

Navidezni realni stek pomeni, da storilec z dvema ali več ravnanji, ki niso niti časovno niti krajevno povezana, izpolni zakonske znake ali prepovedane posledice dveh ali več različnih kaznivih dejanj in mu za vsa tako izvršena kazniva dejanja sodijo hkrati, njegova kazenska odgovornost pa bo zaradi navideznega steka med izvršenimi kaznivimi dejanji omejena zgolj na eno kaznivo dejanje. Ta institut je skozi zgodovino razvila sodna praksa, danes pa je ena izmed oblik navideznega realnega steka tudi zakonsko urejena (nadaljevano kaznivo dejanje v 54. členu Kazenskega zakonika). Navidezni stek je posledica tega, da sta tako nepravo kot krivda storilca v celoti zajeta v samo enem kaznivem dejanju, zato ga ni treba kaznovati še za druga izvršena kazniva dejanja. Kljub formalni izpolnjenosti zakonskih znakov ali prepovedanih posledic dveh ali več kaznivih dejanj obstaja samo eno materialnopravno upravičenje kaznovanja, kar je posledica dejstva, da izvršena kazniva dejanja pomenijo enotni napad na kazenskopravni red. V magistrski nalogi bodo podrobneje predstavljene vse oblike navideznega realnega steka (sestavljeno kaznivo dejanje, nekaznivo predhodno dejanje, nekaznivo naknadno dejanje, kolektivno kaznivo dejanje ter nadaljevano kaznivo dejanje), tako z vidika teorije kot z vidika sodne prakse. Sestavljeno kaznivo dejanje je posebna oblika kaznivega dejanja, saj je sestavljeno iz dveh ali več samostojnih kaznivih dejanj. V primerih nekaznivega predhodnega in nekaznivega naknadnega dejanja govorimo o posameznih fazah kaznivih dejanj, ki ostanejo nekazniva zaradi dejstva, ker je njihova celotna nepravna in krivdna količina zajeta v glavnem kaznivem dejanju. Kolektivno kaznivo dejanje je opredeljeno kot načrtna dejavnost storilca, sestavljena iz ponavljajočih se istovrstnih ravnanj, ob pogoju, da je podan tudi subjektivni odnos storilca do izvršenih kaznivih dejanj, ki ta dejanja povezuje v celoto. Nadaljevano kaznivo dejanje pa je sestavljeno iz dveh ali več sočasno ali zaporedno iz koristoljubnosti ali oškodovalnih nagibov izvršenih ali poskušenih premoženjskih kaznivih dejanj, ki glede na kraj, način ali druge enake okoliščine pomenijo enotno dejavnost. Predmet obravnave bodo tudi posamezni odnosi med kaznivimi dejanji (specialnost, subsidiarnost, konsumpcija in inkluzija), ki jih je ustvarila in razvila sodna praksa ter posledica katerih je uporaba navideznega steka. Institut nadaljevanega kaznivega dejanja pa bo predmet tudi primerjave s srbskim produženim krivičnim delom. Predstavljen bo tudi pojem enotnosti ravnanja, ki je ključni instrument za delitev med idealnim in realnim stekom, ki pa v praksi nima nekega večjega pomena. Na koncu naloge bo obravnavan tudi vpliv steka na izrek kazni.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: kaznivo dejanje, idealni stek, realni stek, navidezni realni stek, sestavljeno kaznivo dejanje, nekaznivo predhodno dejanje, nekaznivo naknadno dejanje, kolektivno kaznivo dejanje, nadaljevano kaznivo dejanje.
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Organization: PF - Faculty of Law
• Year: 2021
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-127453
• COBISS.SI-ID: 60921347
• Publication date in RUL: 08.06.2021

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: An apparent ideal concurrence in theory and case law

Abstract

An apparent ideal concurrence is a situation where an offender in committing two or more offences which are neither temporally or spatially connected satisfies the requirement for the existence of the legal elements of or prohibited consequences of two or more criminal offences and is tried for all such offences at the same time, and due to the apparent concurrence between the committed criminal offences his criminal responsibility is limited to only one offence. It is an institute that has been developed through case law through history, and today one of the forms of an apparent ideal concurrence is regulated by law (continued criminal offence in Article 54 of the Criminal Code). The apparent concurrence occurs due to the fact that both the flawed law and the culpability of the offender are fully covered in a single criminal offence so it is not necessary to punish him for other committed criminal offences. Despite the formal fulfilment of the requirement for the existence of the legal elements or the prohibited consequences of two or more criminal offences, there is only one substantive justification for punishment, due to the fact that the committed criminal offences constitute a single violation of criminal law. The master's thesis will present in more detail all forms of apparent ideal concurrence (compounded criminal offence, unpunished previous criminal offence, unpunished subsequent criminal offence, collective criminal offence, and continuing criminal offence), both from the theoretical point of view and the perspective of case law. A compounded criminal offence is a special type of criminal offence as it consists of two or more separate criminal offences. In the cases of unpunished previous and subsequent criminal offences, this means individual stages of criminal offences remain unpunished because of the full sum of the flawed law and culpability is covered under the main criminal offence. A collective criminal offence is defined as premeditated activity of the offender, which consists of repeated similar acts, provided that the subjective attitude of the offender is also proven, which connects these acts into a whole. A continuing criminal offence consists of two or more simultaneous or subsequent misdemeanours or aggravated inclinations of committed or attempted crimes against property, which depending on the place, manner or other circumstances, constitute a single activity. The individual relationships between criminal offences (speciality, subsidiarity, consumption, and inclusion), created and developed through case law, which give rise to the apparent concurrence, will also be discussed. The institute of continuing criminal offence will also be compared with the Serbian “extended criminal offence.” The notion of uniformity of conduct will also be presented, which represents a key instrument to distinguish between ideal and true concurrence but which in practice does not have any major significance. At the end of the thesis, the influence of concurrence on the sentence itself will be discussed.

• Keywords: criminal offence, ideal concurrence, true concurrence, apparent ideal concurrence, compounded criminal offence, unpunished previous criminal offence, unpunished subsequent criminal offence, collective criminal offence, continuing criminal offence.