Deep learning for detection of visible land boundaries from UAV imagery

Fetai, Bujar (author), Račič, Matej (author), Lisec, Anka (author)

Current efforts aim to accelerate cadastral mapping through innovative and automated approaches and can be used to both create and update cadastral maps. This research aims to automate the detection of visible land boundaries from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery using deep learning. In addition, we wanted to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of programming-based deep learning compared to commercial software-based deep learning. For the first case, we used the convolutional neural network U-Net, implemented in Keras, written in Python using the TensorFlow library. For commercial software-based deep learning, we used ENVINet5. UAV imageries from different areas were used to train the U-Net model, which was performed in Google Collaboratory and tested in the study area in Odranci, Slovenia. The results were compared with the results of ENVINet5 using the same datasets. The results showed that both models achieved an overall accuracy of over 95%. The high accuracy is due to the problem of unbalanced classes, which is usually present in boundary detection tasks. U-Net provided a recall of 0.35 and a precision of 0.68 when the threshold was set to 0.5. A threshold can be viewed as a tool for filtering predicted boundary maps and balancing recall and precision. For equitable comparison with ENVINet5, the threshold was increased. U-Net provided more balanced results, a recall of 0.65 and a precision of 0.41, compared to ENVINet5 recall of 0.84 and a precision of 0.35. Programming-based deep learning provides a more flexible yet complex approach to boundary mapping than software-based, which is rigid and does not require programming. The predicted visible land boundaries can be used both to speed up the creation of cadastral maps and to automate the revision of existing cadastral maps and define areas where updates are needed. The predicted boundaries cannot be considered final at this stage but can be used as preliminary cadastral boundaries.

• Language: English
• Keywords: geodesy, land, cadastral mapping, visible boundary, UAV, deep learning
• Work type: Article
• Typology: 1.01 - Original Scientific Article
• Organization: FGG - Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering
• Publication status: Published
• Publication version: Version of Record
• Year: 2021
• Number of pages: 19 str.
• Numbering: Vol. 13, iss. 11, art. 2077
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-127288
• UDC: 528
• ISSN on article: 2072-4292
• DOI: 10.3390/rs13112077
• COBISS.SI-ID: 64902403
• Publication date in RUL: 02.06.2021

Record is a part of a journal

• Title: Remote sensing
• Shortened title: Remote sens.
• Publisher: MDPI
• ISSN: 2072-4292
• COBISS.SI-ID: 32345133

Licences

• License: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
• Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Description: This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.
• Licensing start date: 01.06.2021

Secondary language

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: geodezija, zemljišče, katastrska izmera, vidne meje, UAV, globoko učenje

Projects

• Funder: ARRS - Slovenian Research Agency
• Project number: P2-0406
• Name: Opazovanje Zemlje in geoinformatika

• Funder: ARRS - Slovenian Research Agency
• Project number: V2-1934
• Name: Ovrednotenje različnih načinov označitve katastrskih mejnikov za fotogrametrično izmero z letalnikom in analiza njihovega vpliva na položajno točnost oblaka točk in ortofota