Uničevanje in preprodaja kulturnih dobrin kot način financiranja terorizma – mednarodnopravna ureditev in izzivi

Gabrijelčič, Monika (author), Sancin, Vasilka (mentor)

Financiranje terorizma in terorističnih organizacij poteka na več načinov, med katerimi je tudi preprodaja kulturnih dobrin, ki jih teroristične organizacije zaplenijo ter nato preko uveljavljenih tihotapskih poti pretihotapijo v sosednje in tudi bolj oddaljene države, kjer so kulturne dobrine prodane. Mednarodna skupnost je uničevanje in plenjenje kulturnih dobrin prepoznala kot grožnjo tako mednarodnemu miru in varnosti kot tudi grožnjo za identiteto, tradicijo, kulturo narodov in poznavanje zgodovine, UNESCO pa je uničevanje kulturne dediščine označil celo za kulturno čiščenje oz. kulturocid. Po izredno obsežnih uničenjih predmetov kulturne dediščine v Siriji in Iraku v zadnjih nekaj letih se je mednarodna skupnost odzvala s številnimi javnimi obsodbami, predlogi, novimi mednarodnopravnimi akti, ki države pozivajo k strožji zakonodaji, medsebojnemu sodelovanju, izmenjavi infomacij in pregonu storilcev takšnih dejanj. Vse glasnejše so tudi pobude po definiranju posebnega samostojnega hudodelstva, tj. kulturnega čiščenja, na podlagi katerega bi se lahko kaznovalo storilce, čeprav v že veljavnih mednarodnopravnih aktih obstaja določena podlaga za kaznovanje. Namen tega magistrskega diplomskega dela je potrditi ali ovreči naslednjo hipotezo: »Mednarodnopravna ureditev, ki omogoča preprečevanje uničevanja in preprodaje kulturnih dobrin za namene financiranja terorizma in kaznovanje storilcev, je ustrezna.« V prvem delu so predstavljeni najpomembnejši mednarodnopravni akti na področju boja zoper terorizem, sledi kritična diskusija o mednarodnopravni ureditvi preprečevanja financiranja terorizma. Tretji del vsebuje prikaz financiranja terorizma s pomočjo preprodaje kulturnih dobrin s posebnim poudarkom na praksi preprodaje kulturnih dobrin Islamske države in odzivih mednarodne skupnosti.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: Terorizem, kulturne dobrine, kulturna dediščina, preprodaja, plenjenje, uničevanje, financiranje terorizma.
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Organization: PF - Faculty of Law
• Year: 2020
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-121120
• COBISS.SI-ID: 32175363
• Publication date in RUL: 30.09.2020

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Destruction and trafficking of cultural property as a means of financing terrorism - international law and challenges

Abstract

The financing of terrorism and terrorist organizations takes place in several ways, including the trafficking of cultural goods that are looted by terrorist organizations and then smuggled through established smuggling routes to the neighbouring as well as more distant countries where these cultural goods are sold. The international community recognized the destruction and looting of cultural property as a threat to international peace and security, as well as a threat to identity, tradition, culture and knowledge of our past, and UNESCO has described the destruction of cultural heritage as cultural cleansing or culturocide. Following the extremely extensive destruction of cultural heritage sites in Syria and Iraq over the past few years, the international community has responded with a number of public condemnations, suggestions, new international legal instruments calling on countries to adopt stricter legislation, co-operate, exchange information and prosecute perpetrators. The initiatives to define a special crime, i.e. cultural cleansing, on the basis of which the perpetrators could be punished, are becoming more and more louder, even though there is a legal basis for punishment in the currently valid international legal acts. The purpose of this master's thesis is to confirm or disprove the following hypothesis: »International legal regime, which allows to prevent the destruction and trafficking of cultural property for the purposes of financing terrorism and punishing the perpetrators, is appropriate.« The first part presents the most important international legal acts in the field of the fight against terrorism, followed by a critical discussion on the international legal regime of the prevention of the financing of terrorism. The third part contains an overview of terrorist financing through the trafficking of cultural property with special emphasis on the practice of trafficking of cultural property of the Islamic State and the responses of the international community and international legal acts in the field of protection of cultural goods.

• Keywords: Terrorism, cultural property, cultural heritage, trafficking, looting, destruction, financing terrorism.