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Zahod in islamski svet skozi zgodovino
ID Potočnik, Dragan (Author)

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Abstract
Odnosi med Evropo in islamskim svetom so bili pogosto zaznamovani z nasiljem in spopadi. V času Omajadskega kalifata (661–750) so muslimani zasedli sveto mesto kristja-nov, judov in muslimanov Jeruzalem, oblegali Konstantinopel, prodrli na Pirenejski polotok in jug Evrope. V tej prvi fazi širjenja kalifata se je islam soočal z vse hujšimi boji v svojih vrstah. Že kmalu po nastanku islama so bile znotraj islamskega sveta razlike, v glavnem med prevladujočo sunitsko obliko in šiiti. Odgovor evropskega krščanstva na prvi veliki džihad so bile rekonkvista in križarske vojne. Na vzhodu se je krščanska kraljevina Gruzija osvobodila in zagospodarila nad velikim oze-mljem od Črnega morja do Kaspijskega jezera. V osrčju Sredozemlja so se krščanski osvajalci izkrcali na Siciliji in Sardiniji in ju odvzeli muslimanom. Višek konflikta v tej fazi so pred-stavljale križarske vojne. V njih so skupine kristjanov iz Evrope osvojile in za nekaj časa obdržale območja v Siriji in Palestini. V času Abasidskega kalifata (751–1258) so muslimani sicer utrdili meje na vzhodu ter celo osvojili Sicilijo in Kreto, kljub temu pa so Bizantinci prodirali vedno globlje na območje kalifata. Na območju osrednje Azije so v tem času nastale polavtonomne vladavine. Egipt in sirsko-palestinski prostor sta leta 969 padla v roke dinastije Fatimidov. Neenotnost in krizo znotraj islamskega sveta so v 11. stoletju dodatno poglobili Seldžuki in nato v prvi polovici 13. stoletja še vdori Mongolov, ki so leta 1258 dokončno zlomili Abasidski kalifat. Na meji med muslimani in kristjani v Anatoliji je v 13. stoletju nastala osmanska država. Sledila je nova sveta vojna. Osmanski sultani so se imeli za legitimne naslednike bizantin-skih cesarjev. Osvojitvi Konstantinopola, ki je postal prestolnica turškega imperija, so sledili napadi proti zahodu. V času vladavine Sulejmana Veličastnega (1520–1566) je bil imperij na vrhuncu moči. Odgovor na drugi džihad je ekspanzija Evrope, in ni presenetljivo, da je začela na nasprotnih koncih Evrope, tam, kjer so stoletja dolgo vladali muslimani: na Pirenejskem polotoku in v Rusiji. Predvsem portugalske in španske, kasneje pa tudi angleške in nizozemske ladje so se ustavljale na obalah islamskih držav in začele najprej s trgovino, nato pa tudi z osvajanjem strateških točk. Z vzponom evropskih držav v 19. stoletju so predvsem Velika Britanija, Francija in Rusija začele postopno zasedati območja Prednje in osrednje Azije. Razlogov, da je islamski svet postal lahek plen evropskih držav in da je bila islamska civilizacija le še bleda senca nekdanje veličine, je bilo več. Najpomembnejši so bili korupcija in nesposobni vladarji, neenotnost islamskega sveta (suniti, šiiti), politična nestabilnost, prepočasne refor-me, splošna tehnična zaostalost in seveda agresivna politika evropskih držav.

Language:Slovenian
Keywords:islamski svet, Omajadski kalifat, Abasidski kalifat, Zahod in islam, kolonizacija, Prednje Azije, Osmanski imperij
Typology:1.02 - Review Article
Organization:TEOF - Theological Faculty
Publication status:Published
Publication version:Version of Record
Year:2019
Number of pages:Str. 139-159
Numbering:Letn. 74, št. 2
PID:20.500.12556/RUL-118067 This link opens in a new window
UDC:27/28:93/94
ISSN on article:2335-4127
DOI:10.34291/Edinost/74/02/Potocnik This link opens in a new window
COBISS.SI-ID:11043075 This link opens in a new window
Publication date in RUL:18.08.2020
Views:929
Downloads:400
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Record is a part of a journal

Title:Edinost in dialog : revija za ekumensko teologijo in medreligijski dialog
Publisher:Inštitut za ekumensko teologijo in medreligijski dialog pri Teološki fakulteti Univerze v Ljubljani, Inštitut za ekumensko teologijo in medreligijski dialog pri Teološki fakulteti Univerze v Ljubljani, Inštitut Stanka Janežiča za dogmatično, osnovno in ekumensko teologijo ter religiologijo in dialog, Teološka fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani
ISSN:2335-4127
COBISS.SI-ID:268194560 This link opens in a new window

Secondary language

Language:English
Title:The West and the Islamic world through history
Abstract:
Relations between Europe and the Islamic world have often been characterized by vi-olence and conflict. During the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), Muslims occupied Jerusalem, the holy city of Christians, Jews, and Muslims, besieged Constantinople, and penetrated the Iberian Peninsula and the south of Europe. In this first phase of the expansion of the ca-liphate, Islam was facing increasing tensions within its ranks. Shortly after the emergence of Islam, there were differences within the Islamic world, mainly between the dominant Sunni form and the Shiites. European Christianity’s response to the first great jihad was the Reconquest and the Crusades. In the east, the Christian kingdom of Georgia was liberated and ruled over a large terri-tory from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea. In the heart of the Mediterranean, Christian conquerors disembarked in Sicily and Sardinia and overtook the area from Muslims. The height of the conflict at this stage were the Crusades. In these wars, groups of Christians from Europe for some time conquered and retained areas in Syria and Palestine. During the Abbasid Caliphate (751–1258) Muslims consolidated borders to the east and even conqu-ered Sicily and Crete, but the Byzantines nevertheless penetrated ever deeper into the area of the Caliphate. During that time semi-autonomous rules emerged in Central Asia. Egypt and Syrian-Palestinian territory fell into the hands of the Fatimid dynasty in 969. Inequality and crisis within the Islamic world were further exacerbated in the 11th century by the Seljuks and then in the first half of the 13th century by the invasions of the Mongols, who finally broke the Abbasid Caliphate in 1258. On the border between Muslims and Christians in Anatolia, in the 13th century the Ottoman state emerged. A new holy war ensued. The Ottoman sultans saw themselves as the legitimate successors of the Byzantine emperors. With the conquest of Constantinople and becoming the capital of the Turkish Empire, the invasions of the west followed. During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566), the empire was at its peak. The answer to the second jihad is Europe’s expansion. It is not surprising that this expansion began at two opposite ends of Europe where Muslims had ruled for centuries: in the Iberian Peninsula and in Russia. Particularly Portuguese and Spanish, and later English and Dutch ships, stopped at the shores of Islamic countries and began trading first, then winning stra-tegic points. With the rise of European countries in the 19th century, the United Kingdom, France and Russia in particular, began to gradually occupy the areas of Central and Eastern Asia. There were several reasons for the Islamic world to become the easy prey of European countries and for Islamic civilization to be but a pale shadow of its former grandeur. The most important were corruption and incompetent rulers, the inequality of the Islamic world (Sunnis, Shiites), political instability, slow reforms, general technical backwardness and, of course, the aggressive policies of European countries.

Keywords:Islamic world, Omayyad caliphate, Abbasid caliphate, West and Islam, colonization of Ancient Asia, Ottoman empire

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