Vpliv pravnih norm v zvezi z odgovornostjo prevoznikov na človekove pravice beguncev

Borovnik, Eva (author), Bardutzky, Samo (mentor)

Države članice EU tujcem, med katerimi so tudi prosilci za azil, na številne načine otežujejo dostop do svojega ozemlja po zračni poti. K temu prispeva tudi evropska ureditev sankcij za prevoznike, ki od prevoznikov zahteva, da zagotovijo, da potnik razpolaga z vsemi listinami, ki so potrebne za vstop na ozemlja pogodbenic, in jim v primeru, da do teritorija članic pripeljejo tujca, ki teh listin nima, nalaga sankcije. Pri izpolnjevanju omenjenih obveznosti letalskim prevoznikom pomagajo t.i. letalski uradniki, katerih dolžnost je, da jim nudijo nasvete in pomoč pri sprejemanju odločitev, ali ima oseba vse potrebne dokumente za vstop na ozemlje EU in se torej lahko vkrca na letalo. Zdi se, da države s prenosom nalog migracijskega nadzora na letalske družbe zagotovijo, da potencialni prosilci za azil sploh ne dosežejo njihovega ozemlja, in se na tak način razbremenijo odgovornosti za morebitne kršite obveznosti, ki izhajajo iz mednarodnega prava. Ravnanja migracijske kontole, ki so na letališčih sicer izvršena neposredno s strani osebja letalskih družb, so sicer, upoštevaje pravila mednarodnega prava, pripisljiva državam, odgovornost za morebitne kršitve njihovih mednarodnopravnih obveznosti in potencialne posege v pravice beguncev pa je kljub temu vprašljiva, saj so države za ravnanja, ki jih izvršijo zunaj svojih meja, odgovorne le pod pogojem, da je mogoče ugotoviti, da so nad posamezniki izvajale jurisdikcijo. Mednarodna praksa zaenkrat stoji na stališču, da država ekstrateritorialno jurisdikcijo nad posamezniki izvaja le v primerih, ko imajo subjekti, ki nastopajo v državnem imenu, nad njimi visoko stopnjo nadzora. V literaturi zato prevladuje mnenje, da nadzor potne dokumentacije in morebitna zavrnitev vkrcanja na letalo ne zadostuje temu kriteriju. Judikature, ki bi razjasnila ta dvom, zaenkrat še ni.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: azilno pravo, pravo človekovih pravic, pravice beguncev, sankcije za prevoznike, eksternalizacija in privatizacija migracijskega nadzora, mednarodna odgovornost držav, ekstrateritorialna jurisdikcija, test učinkovitega nadzora
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Organization: PF - Faculty of Law
• Year: 2020
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-117654
• COBISS.SI-ID: 23884035
• Publication date in RUL: 18.07.2020

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Carrier sanctions and their impact on human rights of refugees

Abstract

Member States of the EU make it difficult for foreigners, including asylum seekers, to access their territory by air in many ways. This is also due to the European system of carrier sanctions, which requires carriers to ensure that the passengers are in possession of the travel documents required for entry into the territories of the Contracting Parties and impose penalties on carriers which transport aliens who do not possess the necessary travel documents. In fulfilling these obligations, airlines are assisted by the liaison officers, whose duty it is to offer them advice and assistance in deciding whether a person has all the necessary documents to enter the EU territory and can therefore board an aircraft. By delegating migration control tasks to airlines, countries appear to ensure that potential asylum seekers do not reach their territory at all, thus relieving themselves of responsibility for any breaches of obligations under international law. The migration conduct at airports, which is carried out directly by airline staff, is attributable to States in accordance with the rules of international law, however, their liability for possible breaches of international legal obligations and potential interference with refugee rights is questionable. States are liable for acts committed outside their borders only on condition that it can be established that they have exercised extraterritorial jurisdiction over individuals. For the time being, international practice is of the opinion that the state exercises extraterritorial jurisdiction over individuals only in cases where entities acting on behalf of the state have a high degree of control over them. Therefore, the prevailing opinion in the literature is that the control of travel documents and the possible refusal to board an aircraft is not sufficient for this criterion. There is no jurisprudence to clarify this doubt yet.

• Keywords: asylum law, human rights law, refugee rights, carrier sanctions, externalization and privatization of migration control, international responsibility of states, extraterritorial jurisdiction, effective control test