Grška kolonizacija južne Italije

Lunar, Žan (author), Cedilnik, Alenka (mentor)

Druga ali velika grška kolonizacija je pojav selitve grškega prebivalstva na območje Sredozemskega, Črnega, Jonskega in Egejskega morja. Potekala je v arhaični dobi grške zgodovine in je vrhunec dosegla med leti 750–580 pr. n. št. V zaključni seminarski nalogi smo se osredotočili na kolonizacijo Velike Grčije na območje v današnji južni Italiji, ki so ga tako poimenovali verjetno že v 6 stoletju pr. n. št. Kume so bile prva kolonija, ki so jo okoli 740 pr. n. št. ustanovili Halkidci. Najbolj znana kolonija je verjetno Tarent, ki je bil edina spartanska kolonija v Veliki Grčiji. Vse pomembnejše kolonije (Tarent, Kume, Kroton in Sibaris) bomo v nalogi opisali. Najdejavnejši pri ustanavljanju kolonij so bili Ahajci in Halkidci. Ustanovitelji novih kolonij so običajno bili aristokrati. Po smrti so jih v novoustanovljeni koloniji častili. Glavni razlog za selitev je bil prenaseljenost Grčije. Grke so v selitev prisilile revščina, stiska, strah pred političnim preganjanjem, pustolovščina in iskanje bogastva. Pomembno vlogo pri uspešni kolonizaciji je imelo pomorsko znanje, ki se je že več stoletij prenašalo med grškim prebivalstvom. Poleg tega je napredovala gradnja ladij, ki so postajale varnejše za plovbo po Sredozemlju. Kolonije so ustanavljali v bližini rek in izvirov ter na obalah, ki so bile najprimernejše za poselitev. Vsa mesta so ležala na območju današnje Kalabrije, Kampanije, Bazilikate, Apulije in jugovzhodnega dela Sicilije. Kolonije so se zaradi cvetoče trgovine hitro razvile in razširile svojo kulturo po celotnem Apeninskem polotoku. Svojo kulturo so namreč posredovale Etruščanom, ti pa naprej Rimljanom. Pri ustanavljanju kolonij je pomembno vlogo odigrala religija, saj so se pokrovitelji ekspedicij in ustanovitelji kolonij obrnili na delfsko preročišče in na bogove, ki so jim povedali, kje naj ustanovijo novo mesto. Ko so bila mesta že razvita, se je na območju Velike Grčije razvila pitagorejska filozofska šola, ki je bila znana daleč naokoli in je imela ogromno privržencev. Kolonizacija je le delno rešila težave, s katerimi se je spoprijemala matična Grčija. Grki so s kolonizacijo razširili svoj politični in kulturni vpliv po vsem sredozemskem svetu. Na potek kolonizacije so vplivale razmere v Grčiji, medtem ko sama ni bistveno vplivala na razvoj v matični Grčiji. Grški svet se je močno povečal, a ne le na račun sredozemskih kolonij. Grki so bili za takratne razmere svetovni narod.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: Velika grška kolonizacija, južna Italija, Magna Graecia, Tarent, Kroton, Sibaris, Kume, Grčija
• Work type: Bachelor thesis/paper
• Organization: FF - Faculty of Arts
• Year: 2020
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-116970
• Publication date in RUL: 18.06.2020

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Greek colonization of southern Italy

Abstract

Second or great Greek colonization is a phenomenon of migration of Greek population to the area of Mediterranean, Black, Ionian, and Aegean Sea. It took place in the archaic era of Greek history, culminating among 750 and 580 BC. In the final seminar paper, we focused on colonization of Greater Greece in the area of present south Italy that was probably named so in the 6th century BC. Kume were the first colony founded by Chalkidians around 740 BC. Tarent is probably the most well-known colony that was the only Spartan colony in Greater Greece. All major colonies (Tarent, Kume, Kroton, and Sibaris) are described in the paper. The most active in founding the colonies were the Achaeans and Chalcis. Aristocrats were usually the founders of new colonies. After their death, they were worshipped in their newly founded colonies. The main reason for migration was overpopulation of Greece. Greeks were forced to move due to the poverty, hardship, fear of political prosecution, adventure, and searching for wealth. Maritime knowledge played an important role in successful colonization that had been passed among the Greek population for centuries. In addition, construction of ships that became safer for navigation along the Mediterranean improved. Colonies were founded near rivers and springs and on shores that were the most appropriate for settlement. All towns were situated in the area of present-day Calabria, Campania, Basilicata, Apulia, and south-eastern Sicily. Due to the thriving trade, the colonies developed fast and spread their culture along the entire Apennine Peninsula. They passed on their culture to the Etruscans and then to the Romans. Religion played an important role in founding colonies as patrons of expeditions and founders of colonies asked oracle in Delphi and gods to tell them where to found a new town. When town were developed, Pythagorean School of philosophy was developed in the area of Greater Greece that was widely known and had numerous fans. Colonization only partially solved the problems faced by the native Greece. Through colonization, the Greeks expanded their political and cultural influence throughout the Mediterranean. The situation in Greece influenced the course of colonization, while it did not significantly influenced development in native Greece. The Greek world has grown enormously, but not only at the expense of the Mediterranean colonies. At that time, Greeks were a world nation.

• Keywords: Great Greek colonization, south Italy, Magna Graecia, Tarent, Kroton, Sibaris, Kume, Greece