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Mali hudiči - tihi upor proti socializmu v Horjulski dolini? Horjul po drugi svetovni vojni
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Hribernik, Peter
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Hudales, Jože
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Ferenc, Mitja
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Abstract
Druga svetovna vojna je povsod po svetu pustila hude posledice. Vplivala je na življenje ljudi, na njihove bivanjske razmere, odnose, navade, šege in običaje. Nič drugače ni bilo v Horjulski dolini, ki je bila v vojno ravno tako vpeta kot vsi ostali kraji. Ravno tako kot drugod se je tudi tukaj zgodilo veliko tragičnih dogodkov – poboji, internacije, požigi in bombardiranje. Svojo diplomsko nalogo sem začel z opisom ozadja, ki je močno vplivalo na sam potek vojnega dogajanja in življenja ljudi v dolini. Tako sem najprej opisal Horjulsko dolino z geografskega vidika, saj poznavanje teh krajev omogoča lažje razumevanje in sledenje dogodkom, ki so se tukaj dogajali. Ravno tako sem se posvetil že obdobju med vojno, čeprav se naslov diplomske naloge osredotoča na povojno obdobje, ker razumevanje kasnejšega obdobja temelji tudi na poznavanju dogajanja v obdobju prej. Dolino so kmalu po začetku vojne okupirali Italijani, potem pa se je kot drugod po Sloveniji organiziralo več drugih gibanj, ki so se nekaj časa borila proti okupatorju, kasneje pa tudi med sabo. Organizirala sta se partizansko gibanje in vaška straža, Slovensko domobranstvo. Partizanom v teh krajih ni najbolj uspevalo, saj je vaška straža (kasneje pa pripadniki Slovenskega domobranstva) vodila hud odpor. Po umiku okupatorja se je boj med domačima organizacijama še bolj razplamtel. Velik pomen za življenje ljudi, predvsem pa otrok, je imela šola, ki zaradi dogajanja med vojno ni opravljala svoje funkcije in je bila postojanka za več gibanj. Sprva so jo zasedli Italijani, nato vaška straža, partizani, nazadnje pa še pripadniki Slovenskega domobranstva. Otroci so bili zaradi tega prikrajšani za pouk in osnovno izobrazbo, šolsko leto se je prestavljalo, sama šolska stavba pa je bila precej uničena in ni več ustrezala potrebam. Veliko otrok je tako nehalo obiskovati pouk. Poleg padca števila otrok in obiska je primanjkovalo tudi učiteljev. Z letom 1949/50 so začeli z manjšimi prenovami, število učencev pa je narastlo šele z letom 1952/53, ko je v šolo prišla prva večja povojna generacija otrok. Leta 1956/57 je bila uvedena osemletka, kasneje pa tudi podružnične šole. Šola se je vse do leta 1975, ko so začeli graditi novo, soočala s hudo prostorsko stisko in slabimi razmerami. Sledilo pa je tudi indoktriniranje v šolah s strani nove oblasti. Tako kot drugje po Evropi je o vojni pisala pretežno zmagovalna stran. V šolah in drugje se je govorilo o vojni le s stališča partizanskega gibanja in je slonela na temeljih NOB in nasilja okupatorja, ki je pustilo hude posledice. Hkrati pa je na nasprotni strani, ki je bila deležna partizanskega nasilja, tlelo, saj vojna dejanja še niso bila pozabljena. Razmere v prvih letih po vojni so bile velikokrat še težje kot med vojno – primanjkovalo je namreč osnovnih surovin, veliko ljudi je zbežalo na Koroško, kjer so mnogi dočakali smrt v povojnih procesih. Interniranci se še niso vrnili, kmetije so bile zapuščene, njihova prenova pa ni stekla zaradi slabih razmer. Prijavljene je bilo ogromno vojne škode, ki pa nikoli ni bila poplačana. Oblast je razmere še oteževala z raznimi zaplembami imetja v prvih letih po vojni in z obvezno oddajo do sredine 50. let, ki si je ljudje niso mogli privoščiti. Delovnih mest v Horjulu ni bilo veliko, zato so se morali ljudje kljub zelo slabim cestnim povezavam dnevno voziti v Ljubljano. Razmere so se nekoliko izboljšale z ustanovitvijo podružnic podjetij Rašica in Iskra, ki sta nudili v Horjulu delovna mesta, in z asfaltiranjem ceste. Nova oblast ni podpirala cerkvenih praznikov in jih je želela izničiti, eden takih sporov je vedno izbruhnil ob miklavževanju. Ta šega je ljudem veliko pomenila, nekateri pa se z njim niso strinjali, saj naj bi v novem režimu sv. Miklavža zamenjal dedek Mraz. Zato so klicali policista, da bi fante, ki so miklavževanje organizirali, zaprl ali vsaj razgnal. Vse to dogajanje pa je ključno vplivalo na šege in navade. Miklavž se je namreč moral skrivati in velikokrat so morali miklavževanje predčasno zaključiti zaradi prihoda policista. Zaradi tega in zaradi grobosti šege (hudiči, ki so hodili ob Miklavžu, so bili velikokrat nasilni in grobi) pa tudi zaradi ljubosumja mlajših fantov je bila na predlog sovaščanke ustanovljena šega malih hudičev. Te so se lahko udeležili mlajši fantje, obhod pa je potekal teden prej. Ljudje so to novo šego z veseljem sprejeli. Le-ta se je ohranila vse do danes, vendar sta se njeno razumevanje in pomen pri mnogih spremenila. S pomočjo literature in tudi s citati iz intervjujev sem opisal dogajanje med vojno. Pri opisu vojnega dogajanja sem se oprl predvsem na knjige Rudolfa Hribernika Svaruna, ki je v dveh knjigah (Dolomiti v NOB in Partizanski ključ) opisal vojno dogajanje v Horjulu. Za socialni pogled in pogled civilnega prebivalstva na vojno ter za nadaljevanje svojega diplomskega dela sem uporabil zapisane spomine in intervjuje, ki sem jih opravil. Prav tako sem uporabil gradivo iz Zgodovinskega arhiva Ljubljana, ki sem ga predelal. Največji del le-tega so popisi vojne odškodnine. Nato sem predvsem s pomočjo arhivskega gradiva in intervjujev poskušal opisati razmere v Horjulu od leta 1945 do 1960. Tu mi je najbolj pomagala šolska kronika, ki ni opisovala le šolskega dogajanja, ampak celotno dogajanje med vojno in tudi po njej.
Language:
Slovenian
Keywords:
Horjul
,
miklavževanje
,
2. svetovna vojna
,
socializem
,
upor.
Work type:
Bachelor thesis/paper
Organization:
FF - Faculty of Arts
Year:
2019
PID:
20.500.12556/RUL-111576
Publication date in RUL:
04.10.2019
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2275
Downloads:
270
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Secondary language
Language:
English
Title:
"Small devils”: quiet rebellion against socialism in the valley of Horjul? Horjul after Second World War.
Abstract:
The Second World War left severe consequences throughout the whole world. It influenced the lives of countless people, their living conditions, relationships, customs, and traditions. The valley Horjul was no different from that. Like elsewhere it had its tragedies – killings, internments, bombings and burnt down villages. I started my diploma by geographically describing the valley of Horjul, which makes it easier to follow the events, that happened here during the war and after it. Also, I wrote about the mid-war era, even though the title of the diploma is set after it. That is because understanding what happened during the war is the basic to understand the latter eras. The valley was first occupied by the Italians. After that, a lot of other groups started to organize. That fought against the occupation and between themselves. The partisan movement was first organized, followed by the groups named vaška straža, and the Slovenian home guard. Big importance for the lives of people here was the school, which didn’t wasn’t fulfilling its mission and was a post for many movements. First, it was occupied by the Italians, then by the vaška straža, partisans, and the Slovenian home guard. Children were deprived of class and basic education. The school was also damaged severely during the war and started its rebuild in the school year 1949/50. Until the new school was build in 1975 there was a big space crisis in the school. Conditions the first couple year after the war, were often worse than the conditions during it – there was a shortage of supplies, a lot of people ran o Koroška after the war, were many of them died in the after war processes. The people from internments didn’t return yet, the farms were empty and their rebuild didn’t start. The reported war damages were very high but never repaid. The conditions were made even harder by the government with the compulsory submission, which many people couldn’t afford. There weren’t many workspaces in Horjul. That’s why many people were going to work in Ljubljana. The conditions were better when companies Rašica and Iskra came to Horjul. In the second half of the fifties. The new government didn’t approve of church holidays and wanted to negate them. This happened also with saint Nicholas eve when young boys went door to door dressed as saint, Nicholas, angles, and devils. This custom (called miklavževanje) was very, and still is, important to people in Horjul, but some didn’t like it and wanted saint Nicholas replaced with dedek Mraz (Grandpa Cold). These people called the police so that they would catch these boys or at least scatter them home. Because of this a new custom started called mali hudiči. This wasn’t the only reason, the younger boys were also jealous of older boys because they weren’t allowed to participate in the old custom. Another reason was also that the older boys were very rough at that time during the custom of miklavževanje. This new custom took place a week earlier than the older one and it still takes place today. But it's meaning and the understanding of it has changed. With the help of the literature and quotes from my interviews, I will describe the war era. The main literature for war actions will be the books of Rudolf Hribernik Svarun The Dolomites in NOB and The Partisan key. For the social view and for the rest of my diploma I will lean on the published memories from people that lived in Horjul and my interviews. I also used material form Zgodovinski arhiv Ljubljana.
Keywords:
Horjul
,
miklavževanje
,
world war 2
,
socialism
,
rebellion
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