Anemija zaradi pomanjkanja železa in vpliv na kognitivne funkcije otrok : diplomsko delo

Nedbaylo, Yulia (author), Bizjak, Martina (mentor)

Uvod: V obdobju otroštva in najstništva se pogosto srečamo z anemijo zaradi pomanjkanja železa, ki je običajno povezana s premajhnim vnosom železa s hrano ob večjih potrebah zaradi rasti. Posledice anemije povzročajo ne samo fizične, ampak tudi kognitivne in socioemocionalne težave. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je predstaviti negativen vpliv pomanjkanja železa na kognitivne funkcije otrok in njihov razvoj. Izpostaviti smo želeli vpliv na vedenje, govor, zaznavanje zvoka, uspeh pri izobraževanju ter socialne težave. Metode dela: Uporabljena je deskriptivna metoda dela s pregledom izvirnih in preglednih znanstvenih člankov v časovnem obdobju od leta 2001 do leta 2018. Pregled je potekal od decembra 2018 do maja 2019. Literatura je bila iskana po različnih podatkovnih bazah, kot so: CINAHL, Science Direct, Science Research in PubMed. V diplomsko delo je vključenih 42 znanstvenih člankov v slovenskem, angleškem in ruskem jeziku, od tega je uporabljenih 11 raziskav za prikaz rezultatov. Rezultati: Rezultati raziskav nakazujejo, da anemija zmanjšuje kognitivne spretnosti otrok, razvoj govora, šolski uspeh, poslabša duševni razvoj, negativno vpliva na spomin in orientacijo v okolju, zmanjša pozornost in motivacijo pri igrah, slabša usmerjenost, zavzetost, odzivnost na osebe in dražljaje, povzroči počasnost, zmanjša aktivnost, poveča strah in negotovost. Pri mladostnikih se povezuje s tveganim vedenjem, problematičnim obnašanjem, odklanjanjem prijateljstva, tveganimi in zgodnjimi spolnimi odnosi, slabšo regulacijo čustev in pogostejšimi simptomi počasnega kognitivnega odziva. Mladostniki z anemijo zaradi pomanjkanja železa kažejo bolj pretirano in problematično rabo alkohola in pogosteje kršijo pravila ter uporabljajo nevarne snovi. Razprava in zaključek: Pomanjkanje železa je pomemben problem javnega zdravja po vsem svetu. Najbolj izpostavljene so nosečnice, dojenčki v starostnem obdobju od 6 do 24 mesecev, predšolski otroci, zlasti v državah v razvoju, ter mladostniki. Anemija v otroštvu lahko postane resen, dolgotrajen problem, ki ima nepopravljive učinke na kognitiven razvoj otroka. Pomembno je oblikovati enoten celovit sistem za zgodnje odkrivanje, zdravljenje in preprečevanje anemij zaradi pomanjkanja železa.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: otroci in mladostniki, anemija, pomanjkanje železa, kognitivni razvoj
• Work type: Bachelor thesis/paper
• Organization: ZF - Faculty of Health Sciences
• Year: 2019
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-111297
• COBISS.SI-ID: 5701739
• Publication date in RUL: 27.09.2019

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Anemia due to iron deficiency and the impact on cognitive functions of children : diploma work

Abstract

Introduction: In childhood and adolescence, we often experience anemia due to iron deficiency, which is usually associated with insufficient dietary iron intake with increased growth needs. The consequences of anemia cause not only physical, but also cognitive and socioemotional problems. Purpose: The purpose of the diploma work is to present the negative effects of iron deficiency on the cognitive functions of children and to develop them. We wanted to highlight the impact on behavior, speech, sound perception, educational success and social problems. Methods of work: A descriptive working method was used with a review of original scientific and transparent scientific articles over a period from 2001 to 2018. The review took place from December 2018 to May 2019. Literature has been sought after various databases such as: CINAHL, Science Direct, Science Research and PubMed. The diploma thesis includes 42 scientific articles in Slovene, English and Russian, 11 of which are used for the presentation of results. Results: Research results suggest that anemia reduces children's cognitive skills, speech development, school success, impaired mental development, negatively affects memory and orientation in the environment, reduces attention and motivation in games, worsens orientation, commitment, responsiveness to people and stimuli, causes slowness, reduces activity, increases fear and uncertainty. In adolescents, it is associated with risky behavior, problematic behavior, friendship rejection, risky and early sexual intercourse, poorer emotion regulation, and more frequent symptoms of slow cognitive response. Adolescents with iron deficiency anemia show a more excessive and problematic use of alcohol and more often violate the rules and use dangerous substances. Discussion and conclusion: Iron deficiency is an important problem of public health around the world. The most exposed are pregnant women, infants aged 6 to 24 months, pre-school children, especially in developing countries and teenagers. Anemia in childhood can become a serious, long-lasting problem, which has irreversible effects on the cognitive development of a child. It is important to design a single integrated system for the early detection, treatment and prevention of iron deficiency anemia.

• Keywords: children and adolescents, anemia, iron deficiency, cognitive development