Integracija tehnologij fazno spremenljivih materialov v grajeno okolje z namenom doseganja kakovosti notranjega okolja in varčne rabe energije : magistrsko delo

Gerbec, Nika (author), Dovjak, Mateja (mentor), Stritih, Uroš (comentor)

Stavbe naj bi bile odgovorne za več kot tretjino rabe energije in emisij CO2 v Evropski uniji, zato je pomembna odgovornost za zmanjšanje le-teh tudi na celotnem gradbenem sektorju. Integracija fazno spremenljivih materialov (PCM) v stavbni ovoj je ena izmed tehnoloških rešitev, ki ob podpori ostalih gradbeno-arhitekturnih ukrepov lahko pripomore k manjši rabi energije za vzdrževanje toplotnega udobja. PCM so materiali, ki pri določeni temperaturi spremenijo svoje agregatno stanje, pri tem pa sprejemajo ali oddajajo toploto. Doseganje nizke toplotne prehodnosti konstrukcijskih sklopov z ustreznimi toplotno izolacijskimi materiali je ena izmed najpogostejših uporabljenih rešitev za zmanjšanje porabe energije. Drugi vidik, ki se zapostavlja, pa je nizka toplotna kapaciteta stavbe, ki je problematična predvsem za lahko gradnjo. Integracija shranjevalnikov latentne toplote v stavbni ovoj tako predstavlja eno izmed potencialnih rešitev. Naloga se osredotoča na možnosti vzdrževanja bolj konstantne in hkrati nižje temperature notranjega zraka s pomočjo PCM v poletnem času za doseganje toplotnega udobja uporabnika ob hkratni čim manjši rabi energije za hlajenje. Namen naloge je raziskati možne načine integracije PCM v zunanje stene stavbe kot primer pasivnega hlajenja in s programskim orodjem simulirati odziv na notranje okolje v testni sobi. Simulacije so bile izvedene s programskim orodjem PCMexpress. Na modelu testne sobe dimenzij 5,0 x 5,0 x 3,0 m locirane v Ljubljani smo primerjali lahko in težko gradnjo brez in z integriranim PCM. Preučevali smo tri kombinacije aplikacij PCM: mavčno kartonaste plošče z mikroenkapsuliranim PCM, sloj PCM shranjen v kompaktnih modulih iz aluminija ter kombinacijo obeh. Za primerjavo smo simulirali še različne primere vgradnje oken v ovoj testne sobe, ker nas je zanimalo, kako ta variacija v kombinaciji s PCM vpliva na notranjo temperaturo zraka. Rezultati so pokazali, da do največjega znižanja temperature notranjega zraka pride v primeru, ko v ovoj stavbe integriramo celoten sloj fazno spremenljivega materiala – pri lahki gradnji je najvišja dnevna temperatura zraka za kar 5,0 °C nižja, pri masivni pa ta razlika znaša 2,2 °C. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da aplikacija samo mavčno kartonastih plošč z vsebovanim PCM pripomore k znižanju notranje temperature zraka le do okrog 1,0 °C, zato je za doseganje toplotnega udobja potrebno povečati delež PCM v stavbnem ovoju. Za najbolj učinkovito rešitev se pokaže kombinacija lahke gradnje in vanjo integriranega sloja PCM, ki rezultira v večjem znižanju temperature zraka kot v primeru masivne z PCM, masivne brez PCM in lahke brez PCM. Ob upoštevanju značilnosti stavbnega ovoja, lokacijskih danosti in lastnosti izbranega PCM materiala pokažejo kot perspektivna tehnologije v smeri zagotavljanja toplotnega ugodja in varčne rabe energije.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: fazno spremenljiv material, toplotno udobje, varčna raba energije, grajeno okolje, stavbe, lahka gradnja, masivna gradnja
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Typology: 2.09 - Master's Thesis
• Organization: FGG - Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering
• Publisher: [N. Gerbec]
• Year: 2018
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-101465
• UDC: 613.155:699.86(4-6EU)(043.3)
• COBISS.SI-ID: 8449121
• Publication date in RUL: 06.06.2018

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Integration of phase change material technology into a built environment with the aim of achieving indoor environmental quality and low energy use : master thesis

Abstract

Buildings are responsible for more than one third of energy use and CO2 emissions within European Union therefore a great amount of responsibility lies on construction industry. Phase change materials (PCM) integration into building envelope presents one of technological solutions that can be, together with other engineering and architectural solutions, used for reducing energy consumption to achieve thermal comfort. Phase change materials have the ability to change its phase at the certain temperature and during that process they are able to store or release heat. Using insulating materials to achieve low thermal conductivity of building’s envelope is one of already used solutions to reduce energy use. Low thermal capacity, often times neglected, presents a problem for lightweight construction. Latent heat storage containers integration into building’s envelope represents one of the potential solutions. This thesis is focused on options how to maintain more constant and lower indoor air temperature in the summer time with help of PCM to achieve user's thermal comfort and save energy at the same time. Its main purpose is to research possible ways of integration of PCM technology into building’s outer walls as a way of passive cooling and to simulate selected PCM applications with computer software. Simulations have been done with PCMexpress software tool. Testing room model in dimensions 5,0 x 5,0 x 3,0 m located in Ljubljana has been used to compare lightweight and heavyweight construction with and without integrated PCM. We have studied three possible combinations of PCM application: gypsum fiber board with microencapsulated PCM, PCM layer stored in aluminum case compact storage modules and combination of both. For further comparison we also simulated windows integration into testing room envelope because we were interested in how this variation in combination with PCM affects internal air temperature. Results have shown that biggest differences in highest indoor air temperatures can be achieved by integrating entire layer of PCM into building’s envelope - difference is 5,0 °C for lightweight construction and 2,2 °C for heavyweight construction. It has been discovered that gypsum fibre boards with integrated PCM are not enough to achieve thermal comfort because they lower indoor air temperature for only around 1,0 °C. Combination of lightweight construction and fully integrated PCM layer (which increases thermal capacity of building's envelope) results in the most energy efficient option.

• Keywords: phase change material, thermal comfort, energy efficient use, built environment, buildings, lightweight construction, heavyweight construction