Toll-like receptors play a major role in the mammalian immune system. TLR10 is a member of the TLR family and is found in many mammalian species. It is expressed mainly in tissues rich in immune cells, such as the spleen, thymus or lung. The activity of TLR10 is associated with induction of cytokine synthesis. The gene for TLR10 is well conserved among different mammalian species. Reasearch has shown that the receptor has an immunomodulatory function. Comparison of the DNA sequence of the TLR10 gene between different mammalian species has shown that the more closely related the sequence, the more similar the function of the receptor. Knowledge of the TLR10 ligands is limited. Due to dimerisation with TLR1 and TLR2, it is believed that the ligands are similar or identical to the ligands of these two TLRs. The function of TLR10 is often found by determining the relationship between the expression of the receptor on cells and the amount of secreted cytokines such as IL-8, IL-17, TNF-α, etc. Studies suggest that TLR10 is activated in infections with bacteria, viruses and also fungi. Due to the absence of TLR10 expression in mouse, TLR10 is the least studied TLR. It is also the only TLR that can act pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory. Its diverse function make it an interesting target for research. Understanding TLR10 function may be of great importance in protecting human and animal health. It is also suggested that polymorphisms in the sequence of TLR10 may influence susceptibility to certain deaseses.
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