Glioblastoma multiforme GBM is one of the most aggressive cancers with poor prognosis in spite of a plethora of well established diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and treatment modalities. Poor treatment outcome is commonly linked to the fact that GBM cells infiltrate other sections of the brain. Besides, relatively small amount of surrounding tissue can be surgically removed, possibly leaving some tumor cells in the
neighbourhood. Migrated tumor cells are often not affected by the treatment causing frequent tumor reocurrences. Early diagnosis is therefore an essential factor for imporvment of the treatment outcome. Current goal is a search for novel biomarkers, possibly easily accessible and detectable in blood of GBM patients that would enable early diagnosis, reliable prognosis and represent potential therapeutic targets, leading to more efficient therapeutic interventions. Development of effective terapies that would treat the disease in a more comprehensive way has led to many novel approaches such as immune therapies, messenhymal stem cell treatments, targeting molecules, involved in signaling pathways and gene expression manipulation through leveling of miRNA concentrations in affected cells. MiRNA molecules are short single‐stranded molecules playing an important role in posttranscriptional regulation. Together with siRNA molecules they form a biological system of RNA interference that contols the beginning and duration of gene expression in cells. MiRNAs are involved in differentiation and proliferation of cells, they balance morphogenesis, endocrine system, metabolism, apoptosis and other important cell processes. Decreased or increased miRNA expression can be correlated to various diseases including cancer, thus, they are foreseen as significant biomarkers or even therapeutics.
Our research includes digital profiling of total 734 human and viral miRNAs in blood plasma samples using nCounter® technology. It uses mixture of capture and reporter probes for chosen set of mature miRNAs. Expression profiles can be digitally quantified with flourescent codes specific for each individual miRNA. Analysis of small miRNA concentrations using nCounter® technology prooved to be more sensitive compared to commonly used method RT‐qPCR. Our study included 16 healthy individuals and 16 patients with GBM. Samples of healthy
individuals were taken three times within a period of one month. GBM patients were sampled on the day of the surgery, day after it and one week later. We identified 19 miRNAs with significantly different plasma levels in GBM patients, as compared to healthy individuals with the limit difference of at least 2‐fold. Additionally 24 miRNA levels were significantly correlated with patients’ survival. Moreover, the overlap between the group of candidate miRNAs for diagnostic biomarkers and those associated with survival, consisted of 10 miRNAs with both, diagnostic and prognostic potential. These are hsa‐miR‐1260a, hsa‐miR‐302c‐3p, hsa‐miR‐484, hsa‐miR‐493‐3p, hsa‐miR‐514a‐3p, hsa‐miR‐592, hsa‐miR‐124‐3p, hsa‐miR‐145‐5p, hsa‐miR‐30a‐5p and hsa‐miR‐483‐5p. Hsa‐miR‐592 and hsa‐miR‐514a‐3p have not been previously related to
GBM and therefore represent novel candidates for selective biomarkers. Besides, 11 viral miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in plasma of GBM patients. Viral miRNAs allow for viral persistence in the host by inhibiting the cell‐mediated immunity, apoptosis and cell‐cycle, thereby providing conditions favouring latency. These mechanisms may link the viral infection to tumorigenesis, where similar processes are
deregulated. We analysed our results using bioinformatic tools for their better interpretation. This approach enabled us to link the revealed miRNAs to specific signalling pathways and to the impaired immune responses leading to progression of disease. The GBM burden is reflected in alteration of plasma miRNA patterns, including those of viral miRNAs and represents a new potential for future clinical applications. However,
additional validation of these newely proposed biomarker candidate miRNAs in a larger clinical study using independent cohort of patients is needed.
|