Purpose: Corneal epithelium – the outermost corneal layer that protects the cornea from the environment – is subjected to various mechanical, biological, chemical, and physical stressors. Many are known activators or modulators of mechanosensitive cation channels. Mechanoreceptors' activation can lead to downstream pathways that are linked to impaired corneal physiology, inflammation, hyperalgesia/nociception, and tissue dysfunction. We localised mechanotransducing cation permeable TRPV4 and Piezo1 ion channels to corneal epithelial cells, characterized their functional properties and assessed their functions in paracrine signalling and the release of inflammatory and nociceptive transmitters.
Methods: Corneal epithelia from C57BL/6, TRPV4-/- and TRPV4eGFP mice were enzymatically detached from the stroma and used for in situ experiments. In vitro, epithelial cells were dissociated, plated onto silicon membranes or cover slips, and cultured for 4-7 days. Cells were subjected to either assorted agonists and antagonists, cyclic equiaxial mechanical stretch, or UVB radiation. Optical imaging assessed the properties of Ca2+ homeostasis under different experimental conditions. Immunolabeling and qRT-PCR were performed to determine the changes in gene and protein expression, and localization. For ATP and cytokine release assays, cells were dissociated, subjected to assorted stimuli and supernatants were evaluated by luciferin-luciferase and chemiluminescence reaction, respectively.
Results: Corneal epithelial cells strongly express TRPV4 and Piezo1 channels, the former being localized in a non-uniform and the latter in a uniform pattern. Accordingly, the selective agonists GSK101 and YODA1 increased [Ca2+]i in corneal epithelial cells, whereas swelling and pressure induced Ca2+ signals were averted by the selective TRPV4 (HC-06) and Piezo1 inhibitor (GsMTx4), respectively. Heating of corneal epithelium to 37°C evoked TRPV4 dependent [Ca2+]i elevations. The epithelial cells responded to TRPV4 activation with massive release of ATP that was sensitive to the pannexin 1 blocker probenecid and showed Ca2+ dependence. Pharmacological activation of the protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) sensitized TRPV4 for agonist activation. UVB radiation reversibly elevated [Ca2+]i, principally reflected release of Ca2+ from the pool stored intracellularly within the endoplasmic reticulum and was modestly attenuated by TRPV4 ablation or inhibition. UVB radiation and TRPV4 activation evoked stimulus-specific release of proinflammatory cytokines and inflammatory substances, effects that were antagonized by pharmacological blockade of TRPV4.
Conclusions: We found that corneal mechanotransduction involves activation of multiple force-activated channels which regulate fundamental aspects of corneal epithelial biology. A principal mechanosensor is TRPV4, which is activated by osmotic stress and contributes to [Ca2+]i homeostasis through Ca2+-dependent release of ATP, purinergic auto-feedback and hemichannel (pannexin) activation. Interestingly, TRPV4 fails to mediate stretch-evoked Ca2+ responses, which are instead mediated by another mechanochannel, Piezo1. In addition to osmotic gradients, TRPV4 channels in the corneal epithelium are activated by moderate heat, UVB radiation and sensitized by the PAR-2 receptor. Our data suggest that corneal epithelial cells respond to harmful UVB radiation with parallel and additive activation of TRPV4 channels and release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. It is possible that substances residing in tears contribute to PAR-2-mediated TRPV4 regulation in corneal epithelial cells under pathological conditions. In addition, the corneal milieu is likely to be influenced by TRPV4- and/or UVB-dependent release of cytokines and inflammatory substances, with potential effects on transparency, wound healing, and nociception. Overall, this study identifies Piezo1 as an important corneal epithelial mechanosensor that may be triggered by acute impact and TRPV4 as a potential target of ocular surface inflammation, UVB impact and tissue damage.
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