Izpostavljenost prebivalcev Slovenije svincu v pitni vodi : doktorska disertacija

Bitenc, Katarina (author), Kompare, Boris (mentor), Eržen, Ivan (co-mentor)

IZHODIŠČE: Različne okoljske raziskave so opozorile, da problematika povišanih koncentracij svinca v pitni vodi obstaja predvsem v starejših objektih, kjer so vgrajeni svinčeni deli omrežja ali drugi materiali, ki vsebujejo svinec. Poleg tega na migracije svinca v pitno vodo vplivajo tudi določene lastnosti pitne vode in stanje vode v ceveh. Otroci so še posebej podvrženi večjemu tveganju za izpostavljenost svincu v okolju, škodljivi učinki svinca pa se pri njih pokažejo že pri manjših koncentracijah v krvi. Namen tega dela je prispevati izhodišča za oblikovanje na dokazih temelječih ukrepov za zmanjševanje vsebnosti svinca v pitni vodi in s tem njegovega vpliva na zdravje ljudi v Sloveniji. METODE: Najprej sem izvedla presečni študiji, kjer sem z vprašalnikom ocenila stanje izbranih javnih vodovodnih omrežij in hišnih vodovodnih omrežij izbranih vrtcev in osnovnih šol. Z eksperimentalno metodo sem v laboratoriju določala koncentracije svinca v pitni vodi izbranih vrtcev in osnovnih šol. Odvzela sem vzorec 250 ml vode, voda je pred odvzemom v ceveh stala od 8 do 18 ur. Ugotavljala sem tudi migracije svinca iz novejših materialov za izgradnjo vodovodnega omrežja. Pri tem je bila uporabljena stara svinčena cev, ki je že bila vgrajena v objektu, in novi materiali (plastične, bakrene, pocinkane in jeklene cevi ter medeninasta pipa, kromirani kotni ventil in plastična gibljiva cev), ki še niso bili uporabljeni. Pri obeh preskušanjih je bila za določitev koncentracij svinca v vodi uporabljena metoda ICP-MS. Sledila je ekološka študija, kjer sem ocenila izpostavljenost svincu pri šestletnih otrocih na podlagi ocen izpostavljenosti preko zraka, vode, hrane in tal. Pri izračunu so bili upoštevani tudi dejavnike absorpcije, predviden je bil najslabši možni scenarij, za izračun sem uporabila model IEUBK. REZULTATI: Analiza vzorcev pitne vode izbranih vrtcev in osnovnih šol je pokazala, da so bile koncentracije svinca nad mejno vrednostjo 10 gl ugotovljene v 22 %, nekaj vzorcev je imelo koncentracije krepko čez mejno vrednostjo. Pozitivna odvisnost med starostjo ustanove in koncentracijo svinca v pitni vodi potrjuje domnevo, da je višja koncentracija svinca posledica starega hišnega vodovodnega omrežja. Migriranje svinca iz cevi se je pojavilo pri pocinkanih ceveh v vseh modelnih raztopinah. Izračun izpostavljenosti svincu za šestletnega otroka je pokazal, da obstaja tveganje za pojav škodljivih učinkov na zdravje. ZAKLJUČEK: Vse koncentracije svinca so bile po točenju vode izmerjene pod vrednostjo 10 gl, kar je dokaz, da je nekaj minutno točenje vode iz vseh pip najučinkovitejši in najhitrejši ukrep za znižanje koncentracij svinca v pitni vodi. Za potrebe državnega monitoringa pitne vode je potrebno uveljaviti nov način odvzema vode za ugotavljanje koncentracij svinca v njej, in sicer vzorčenje vode, ki je v ceveh stala vsaj 8 do 18 ur.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: gradbeništvo, disertacije, svinec, pitna voda, otroci, migracije svinca, hišno vodovodno omrežje
• Work type: Dissertation
• Typology: 2.08 - Doctoral Dissertation
• Organization: FGG - Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering
• Place of publishing: Ljubljana
• Publisher: [K. Bitenc]
• Year: 2016
• Number of pages: XXIV, 89 str., 23 str. pril.
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-87025
• UDC: 314.1:546.815:628.1(497.4)(043)
• COBISS.SI-ID: 7590753
• Publication date in RUL: 16.11.2016

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Population exposure to lead in drinking water in Slovenia

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Various environmental studies have shown that the problem of elevated concentrations of lead in drinking water exists mainly in older buildings, where lead parts are built in the network or the network contains other materials containing lead. Migration of lead into drinking water is also affected by particular characteristics of the drinking water and by stagnation of the water in the pipes. Children are particularly susceptible to increased risk of lead exposure in the environment and adverse effects of lead will manifests at lower concentrations in the blood. The purpose of this work is to contribute starting points for the creation of evidence-based measures to reduce the levels of lead in drinking water, and thus its impact on human health in Slovenia. METHODS: The author conducted a cross-sectional study in order to assess the status of selected public water supply systems and domestic water supply systems in selected kindergartens and elementary schools on the basis of a questionnaire. The concentration of lead in the drinking water of the selected kindergartens and elementary schools was determined by means of an experimental method in a laboratory. Cold drinking water samples of 250ml that stood in the pipes from 8 to 18 hours were used. A method for determining the migration from different materials was applied. An old lead pipe was used, which had already been installed in the facility, as well as new materials (plastic, copper, galvanized pipes and stainless steel pipes and also brass faucet, chrome angle valve and plastic hose) which had not been used yet. To determine the concentration of lead in the water the method ICP-MS was applied. Then the ecological study followed. Lead exposure for a 6-year- old child was calculated on the basis of assessing the uptake of lead from air, water, food and soil. In the calculation, absorption factors were considered and also worst–case scenario was provided. For the assessment, the model IEUBK was used. RESULTS: Sampling showed that more than 22 % of samples had levels of lead higher than 10 gl, some of them highly exceeded that level. Positive correlation between the age of a building and the concentration of lead in drinking water confirms the assumption that the concentration of lead in drinking water is higher in old domestic distribution networks. Implementation of lead migration from various types of pipes demonstrated the migration from galvanized pipes in all simulants. The assessment of lead exposure for a 6-year-old child has shown a risk of adverse health effects. CONCLUSION: All concentrations of lead after flushing the pipes were below the 10 gl, which shows that the most effective and the fastest action to lower the concentrations of lead is flushing the water pipes. For the purposes of the national monitoring of drinking water, it is necessary to apply a better method for determining lead levels in drinking water namely the sampling of water that stood in the pipes at least 8 to 18 hours.

• Keywords: civil engineering, thesis, lead, drinking water, children, lead migration, domestic water supply network