Merjenje in analiza glasnosti pri FM in DAB+ načinu oddajanja radijskih programov

PODGRAJŠEK, URBAN (author), Pogačnik, Matevž (mentor)

V diplomskem delu je za osnovo primarne glasnosti radijskih postaj opisano delovanje dveh trenutno aktivnih tehnologij v slovenskem radiodifuznem prostoru na področju radia. To sta analogni FM radio in digitalni DAB+. Opisane so prednosti digitalne tehnologije na radijskem področju in predstavljene poglavite prednosti digitalnega radia za poslušalce. Predstavljen je problem neenakosti primarne glasnosti radijskih postaj v Sloveniji ter rešitve, zajete v priporočilih R 128. R 128 so priporočila, ki jih je izdala Evropska zveza za radiodifuzijo (EBU) v sodelovanju z Mednarodno telekomunikacijsko zvezo (ITU). Namenjena so normalizaciji glasnosti zvoka tako na državni kot na globalni ravni. Predstavljena je njihova vsebina ter bistvene razlike v primerjavi s predhodnimi metodami merjenja glasnosti. V praktičnem delu so bila po priporočilih R 128 izmerjena dejanska stanja v slovenskem radijskem prostoru. Pri izvedbi meritev se je pokazalo, da je zelo pomembna verodostojna merilna tehnika, saj se v nasprotnem primeru lahko pojavi veliko težav tako pri izvajanju meritev, kot tudi kasneje pri interpretaciji rezultatov. Verodostojno merilno tehniko je bilo moč zagotoviti v okviru sodelovanja Fakultete za elektrotehniko (FE) in Radiotelevizije Slovenija (RTV SLO), oddelka oddajniki in zveze. Izmerjene so bile glasnosti izbranih radijskih postaj pred kodirniki za oddajo ter na sprejemni strani. Pri izvedbi meritev, primerjave in analize stanja se je pokazal tudi praktičen vpliv kodirnih postopkov na končno glasnost na sprejemni strani. Z rezultati meritev je bilo odkritih veliko neenakosti na področju glasnosti v slovenskem radijskem prostoru. Poleg tega pa se je pokazalo tudi nekaj drugih težav slovenskih radijskih postaj. Neenakosti bo sedaj, po zaslugi izvedenih meritev, moč nekoliko uravnati, saj do izvedbe tega diplomskega dela v Sloveniji še ni bilo izvedenih tovrstnih meritev. To so bile prve tovrstne meritve s podanim dejanskim stanjem glasnosti po R 128 in bodo lahko bistveno pripomogle k normalizaciji glasnosti v slovenskem radijskem prostoru.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: glasnost, R 128, normalizacija, radiodifuzija, radio, meritev, analiza, FM, DAB+
• Work type: Bachelor thesis/paper
• Organization: FE - Faculty of Electrical Engineering
• Year: 2017
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-94898
• Publication date in RUL: 11.09.2017

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Measuring and analyzing the volume levels of FM and DAB + radio broadcasting

Abstract

For basic loudness of radio stations, the thesis describes the operation of two currently active technologies in Slovenian radio broadcasting space. These are analogue FM radio and digital DAB +. The advantages of digital radio technology and the benefits for the listeners are also outlined. Presented is the problem of inequalities in the loudness of radio stations in Slovenia and the solutions included in recommendations R 128. R 128 are recommendations issued by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) in cooperation with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The purpose of these recommendations is to normalize the loudness of the sound at both national and global levels. The content and basic differences in comparison to previous methods of measuring loudness are also described. In the practical, the measurements taken for the actual status in the Slovenian radio area were done according to R128. When performing the measurements, the credibility of the measurement method proved to be very important. This is because otherwise, many problems can arise not only during the measurement but also later in the interpretation of the results. A credible measurement was provided in the framework of the cooperation between the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (FE) and Radiotelevizija Slovenija (RTV SLO), Transmission and Communications Department. The loudness of the selected radio stations was measured before the broadcasting encoders and on the receiving side. When doing the measurements, comparison and analysis of the conditions the practical effect of encoding procedures on the final loudness on the receiving side has been accomplished. The results of the measurements revealed many inequalities in the field of loudness in the Slovenian radio area. In addition, there are some other problems with Slovenian radio stations. The inequalities can now be adjusted slightly, due to the measurements done. Before this diploma thesis, these measurements were not yet carried out in Slovenia. These were the first such measurements, with the actual loudness of R 128, and they can significantly contribute to the loudness normalization in the Slovenian radio.

• Keywords: loudness, R 128, normalization, broadcasting, radio, measurement, analysis, FM, DAB +