Metode pomoči z umetnostjo v procesu urejanja zasvojenosti - motenj hranjenja

Hram, Ana (avtor), Vidrih, Alenka (mentor), Poštuvan, Vita (komentor)

Pomoč z umetnostjo je uporabna in znanstvena disciplina, ki skozi proces doživljanja, izražanja in ustvarjanja z umetnostnimi izraznimi sredstvi olajšuje spoprijemanje s problemi, stresi, razvija zmožnost izražanja in medosebne veščine, omogoča samospoznavanje in samopotrjevanje in podpira razvojne, ustvarjalne in izrazne potenciale, s čimer spodbuja celotno osebnostno rast. V kvantitativni in kvalitativni raziskavi sem preverjala, ali je primerna in učinkovita tudi za osebe z zasvojenostmi in omamami, povezanimi s hranjenjem, tj. za osebe z motnjami hranjenja. Na osnovi študija, strokovne literature in izkušenj s področij socialnega dela, pomoči z umetnostjo in izpopolnjevanja na področju zasvojenosti in omam ter logoterapije in antropohigiene sem oblikovala in izvedla skupinski program. Ta na zvišani ravni vključuje elemente in metode gibalno – plesne, likovne, dramske (pripovedovanje zgodb, uporaba lutk, figuric) in glasbene dejavnosti in je bil razdeljen v tri samostojne sklope: stik s seboj in telesom, stik z drugimi in okoljem ter integracija v okolje. Učinek celotnega programa pomoči z umetnostjo je bil preverjen v kvantitativni in kvalitativni raziskavi, v katero je bilo vključenih 11 deklet z motnjo hranjenja (9 z anoreksijo nervozo, 2 z bulimijo nervozo), starih 17–21 let, s katerimi sem že eno leto izvajala individualni program pomoči – urejanja motenj hranjenja, z eno od njih pa sem izvedla podrobnejšo študijo primera, ker je izhajala iz izrazito disfunkcionalne družine. Spremljala in zapisovala sem telesne zdravstvene spremembe (indeks telesne mase – ITM, zmanjšanje in/ali prenehanje neustreznega kompenzacijskega vedenja oz. nadomestnega vedenja in ponovno vzpostavitev menstrualnega cikla). Opazovala in kategorizirala sem njihovo medosebno in skupinsko interakcijo. Spremljala sem tudi njihovo splošno psihofizično počutje, njihovo doživljanje sebe v zvezi s telesno, čustveno in socialno samopodobo in samospoštovanjem; ter njihovo zaznavanje sprememb na vseh človekovih razsežnostih tako na telesni, čustveni, miselni, socialni in duhovni ravni. Prav tako pa sem iskala same vzroke motnje hranjenja in jih skušala odpraviti. Najbolj koristni elementi pomoči z umetnostjo so bili v sledečem vrstnem redu: enostaven gib, likovnost, gib in ples, glasba in proti sredini, ko so se udeleženke počutile dovolj varne in sprejete v skupini, tudi drama, in sicer v obliki pripovedovanja zgodb, uporabe lutk in figuric. V času od začetka individualnega programa do konca skupinskega se je pomembno normaliziral ITM, prenehalo se je neustrezno kompenzacijsko vedenje, izboljšalo se je splošno počutje, samospoštovanje in telesna, čustvena ter socialna samopodoba, zmanjšale so se posledice na vseh človekovih razsežnostih (telesni, čustveno-miselni, duhovni in socialni), družinska dinamika je postala bolj funkcionalna in zdrava, z novo ustreznejšo vlogo udeleženk v družini in s pozitivnimi vplivi na vzročne in varovalne dejavnike. Rezultati raziskave potrjujejo, da opisani program pomoči z umetnostjo na zvišani ravni učinkovito pomaga osebam pri urejanju njihovih zasvojenosti – motenj hranjenja.

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: pomoč z umetnostjo
• Vrsta gradiva: Specialistično delo
• Tipologija: 2.10 - Specialistično delo
• Organizacija: PEF - Pedagoška fakulteta
• Leto izida: 2016
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-81666
• COBISS.SI-ID: 10981705
• Datum objave v RUL: 28.04.2016

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Naslov: Arts therapies methods in the treatment of eating disorders and other substance – related and addictive disorders

Izvleček

Arts Therapies is applicative and scientific discipline which by using the process of experiencing, expressing and creating art, facilitates coping with problems and stress, develops expressive ability and social skills, helps self-awareness and self-esteem, supports developmental, creative and expressive potentials and enables personality growth. A quantitative and qualitative study was undertaken with a purpose to verify is it adequate and effective for persons with substance – related and addictive disorders – eating disorders. On the basis of professional literature, study and professional expertise expertise in social work, [art therapy, training in treatment of substance – related and addictive disorders] the author developped a group programme that includes elements and techniques of movement – dance, fine art, drama (storytelling, puppets and figurines) and music activity, all divided into three sections self – contact and body – contact, contact with others and contact with community and environment. The effect of this art therapy programme was verified in a mixed methods research, quantitative and qualitative study of group of 11 girls (9 with anorexia nervosa, 2 with bulimia nervosa), aged 17 to 21 years, with whom one year individual treatment had been going on. One of them was subject of detailed individual case study, because of her especially dysfunctional family background. Different physical (body mass index – BMI, unadequate compensation behaviour patterns, regularity of menstruation cycle) and psychosocial (general psychophysical condition and mood, interpersonal and group interaction, self – image and self – esteem, perception of consequences in bodily, emotional and social dimensions) variables were being observed and assessed. Additionnally, causes of participants' eating disorders were searched and tried to be eliminated. The useful art therapy elements were in the following order: simple movement, (visual) art, movement and dance, and later in the course of programme when participants felt safer and accepted in the group also drama in the form of storytelling, use of puppets and figurines. From the beginning of individual programme till the end of group programme BMI was significantly normalized; unadequate compensation patterns of behaviour have stopped; general psychophysical condition was better; also self – esteem and physical, emotional and social self – image improved, perception of consequences in bodily, emotional and social dimensions was more positive; family dynamics became more functional with a new, more adequate participants' family roles; and there were positive effects on causal and protective factors. Results of this study confirm that this art therapy programme on a raised level effectively helps persons in managing substance – related and addictive disorders – eating disorders.

• Ključne besede: arts therapies