In this thesis we present the field of system calls of the Linux and Windows operating systems. We describe the history, architecture, structure of the kernel and programming interface of both systems. The focus is on system calls, which are crucial for process management. We explain the concepts of system calls and processes. Since the operating systems belong to different operating system families, their interfaces are quite different. Linux utilize the POSIX standard, while Windows uses its own interface -- Windows API. Therefore, we first present the process and thread implementations and their internal structures in each system. Then we present system calls for process creation and termination, signaling, waiting, sleeping, thread creation and manipulation, and obtaining system information about processes and threads. For each system call, we describe its functionality and purpose, as well as the arguments it accepts and returns. Finally, the most important system calls are compared by execution time.
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