Natural materials originate from naturally occurring substances or endogenous sources. The key properties of these materials are biocompatibility, biodegradability, adaptability, bioactivity, immune inertness and non-toxicity. The properties of these materials can be improved by physical and chemical treatment, as well as by combining and crossing each other, or by adding biological factors, such as growth factors. Natural materials can be classified according to their origin into those of mammalian origin (eg collagen, gelatin, hyaluronic acid) and those of non-mammalian origin (eg chitin, cellulose, silk). Their production includes processes such as isolation, sterilization and quality control, which ensures biomedical suitability. Materials such as chitin, chitosan, and hyaluronic acid have shown remarkable drug and cell delivery capabilities. The primary use of natural materials is in tissue engineering, particularly in bone regeneration, nerve repair, and skin wound healing. While 3D printing has made significant progress in this area, 4D printing, where materials chemically and physically adapt to external stimuli such as temperature, pH, and magnetic or electric fields, represents the next evolution. Natural materials in tissue engineering are a promising topic, and further research could improve their functionality and clinical application. However, natural materials have great potential for a positive impact on healthcare by providing effective therapeutic solutions.
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