Healthcare today faces many challenges, such as shortages of healthcare staff, increasing numbers of patients, long queues, etc. All these shortcomings affect the quality of treatment and care for patients, and there is an urgent need for innovation in healthcare to improve the efficiency, accuracy and accessibility of healthcare services. For the example of malaria, cardiac monitoring and the identification of certain infections, we will present the solutions that scientists have created to overcome the problems described above. Each of the systems requires a human in the loop to verify accuracy, but the role of the human is not the same for all systems. They can assist in training, act as the author of knowledge (e.g., in expert systems) or evaluate the usefulness of decisions and either approve or reject them. For the case of malaria, an expert system has been created that is accessible on a mobile phone and makes a diagnosis based on the patient's inputted symptoms. The app created is still in use today in less developed countries where access to a doctor is also poorer. This has also relieved the demand for a doctor and enabled care to be provided to people who really need it. The example of cardiac monitoring is a theoretical system, where various types of sensors were used to improve its performance, along with the role of the ''human in the loop''. As an example of infection recognition, researchers have created an expert system called Mycin, which also uses artificial intelligence. The program connects microbiological and clinical signs and symptoms with possible pathogenic organisms, helping doctors with diagnosis. It was never used in practice due to doctors distrust of artificial intelligence, but it marks the beginning of expert systems. The most advanced system is Med-PaLM, which provides high-quality answers to medical questions. In practice, it is used to assist doctors with summaries of medical records, searching for relevant information from research articles and answering patient questions.
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