The diploma thesis presents the emergence of new forms of religiousness between the 12th and 13th centuries, which led to the creation of new monastic and mendicant movements. The thesis separately presents heretical movements and certain orders that are directly associated with heresy (the Waldensians, Poor Catholics, Humiliati and Beguines), and the mendicant movement and mendicant orders that remained loyal to the Catholic Church, which in turn recognized them as orthodox (the Mercedarians, Trinitarians, Augustinians, Carmelites and Servites). A special chapter is devoted to the Franciscans and Dominicans, whose pastoral work and social involvement paved the way to a new perception of monasticism and the religious calling.
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