The present work is mainly in two parts. The first part provides an overview of the development of a notion of the person in European philosophy from 1789 to 1975, divided into four periods, demarcated by transitional phases which indicate changes in attitudes towards the notion of the person in the European philosophical orientation. The initial phase crucially defines the individual as an individual, followed by phases defining the individual as a social being and then as a singularity. The second part, entitled The development of a utopian dialectic, presents arguments in favour of liberalism, human rights and the rights of the individual, with particular emphasis on freedom of speech as an absolute right. It shows the development of the concept of the person who oscillates between entitlement to rights and duties. In the chapter on Idealism and Realism, the critics point out the shortcomings of dialectical materialism, which deconstructs the concept of the person into mere social beings and singularities, thereby undermining individual freedom. In the following chapters, Marxian dialectics, Freudian psychoanalysis and Wittgenstein's linguistic philosophy are scrutinised and their impact on rational discourse and individual autonomy is criticised. The narrative continues by stressing the importance of safeguarding the individual's sacredness against social homogenisation, defending liberal philosophical orientations as essential for universal human development.
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