Introduction: Any premature birth deprives the child of both its anatomical and physiological development in the womb, and in the long run, without a doubt, a child may have difficulty adjusting to a life outside the womb in an efficient and successful way. In such circumstances, the child is exposed to an increased level of risk of the occurence and further development of various health and developmental issues. The number of possible complications after birth is particularly high in preterm infants, mainly due to their extremely low birth weight, along with other possible unpleasant risks. Among some of the most well-known clinical problems, affecting preterm newborns, are postnatal choking, respiratory issues, hypothermia, hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia, anemia, eating disorders, slow weight gain, infections, neurological problems, increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome and many others. A complication that has received significant attention in recent years is no doubt Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD), known in the academic world as a form of the most common and unwanted chronic lung disease that affects newborns, most often those who are born prematurely. There is severe and significant long-term impairment of pulmonary function, as the lungs are altered and the airways, including pulmonary vessels, are reduced in size. Due to the above, it is necessary to provide the child with long-term oxygen therapy and in certain circumstances to give respiratory support with adequate devices. These special measures should be taken to prevent possible infections and at the same time to improve physical performance. In order to keep preterm infants alive, reduce the number of potential complications and offer efficient support at these critical moments, it is essential to ensure a precise healthcare approach and supportive care, identify their needs in neonatal intensive care units, and finaly monitor and provide appropriate treatment until the child's functional maturity is reached. Adequate professional nursing care and both highly trained and skilled nurse staff are crucial throughout the entire process when it comes to caring for a newborn with extremely low birth weight. Purpose: With the help of the diploma work we wanted to determine and identify the actual role of the healthcare staff, who through profesionally oriented healthcare provide support to the child and his parents, ensure an improved quality of life, and accompany the child on the road to recovery, while effectively reducing the cost of treatment in the hospital setting. At the same time, it was our wish to highlight the importance of preventive action, which can put a stop to many adverse events and risks. Results: Expert studies have shown that if a newborn is given appropriate and dedicated healthcare while working with sophisticated equipment and devices, it no doubt increases the newborn's chances of survival, while reducing a high number of complications. Discussion and conclusion: After producing a literature review, we found out that well-organized healthcare is of particular importance already during pregnancy since it works to prevent and reduce the risk of unwanted consequences. Centralisation of treatment is one of the key factors in effectively dealing with the problems caused by premature birth.
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