Primerjava oblikovanja živalske figure v dvodimenzionalnem in trodimenzionalnem načinu likovnega izražanja : diplomsko delo

Žnidaršič, Veronika (avtor), Podobnik, Uršula (mentor)

V 3. letu otrok riše posamezne krožne oblike, ki jih dopolnjuje z manjšimi krogi, navpičnimi linijami ter z vodoravnimi linijami. Pojavljati se začnejo prvi zametki preproste figuralike (Podobnik in Selan, 2022). Med 3. in 4. letom starosti večina otrok že riše glavonožca, torej krožno obliko, ki predstavlja skupaj glavo in telo, iz katere izraščajo noge v obliki dveh (največkrat vzporednih) liniji. V tem obdobju otrok rad poseže po gnetljivem materialu, iz njega pa oblikuje razne skupke, ki jih začenja postopoma med seboj spajati (Podobnik in Selan, 2022). Objekti, ki jih v tem obdobju oblikuje, so razmeroma neprepoznavni, kljub temu pa jih otrok neredko poimenuje. Z gnetljivim materialom igrivo manipulira, ga gnete, valja in iz njega oblikuje različne okroglaste oblike in svaljke. Pri oblikovanju vse pogosteje uporablja obe roki, kar olajša izdelovanje vse bolj konkretnih objektov s konkretnimi atributi, ki jih ti dejansko imajo. Kasneje otrok povezuje narisane oblike s predmeti ali osebami, ki so mu znani iz lastne okolice ali izkušenj. Začenja ločevati človeške in živalske figure, njihova sestava pa postaja bolj kompleksna, tj. glavo loči od trupa, iz katerega rastejo okončine (Podobnik in Selan, 2022). Kot pravita Tacol in Šupšakova (2018), otrok pri kiparskih materialih začenja postavljati oblike v pokončno lego, a je pri tem še razmeroma negotov. Petletni otrok še vedno oblikuje svaljke ter iz njih sestavlja posamezne oblike (živali, človeka, različne predmete), ki pa jih polaga na mizo ali pa jih postavi navpično. Žival ali človeka oblikuje najprej pri trupu, nato pa mu doda glavo, noge in roke. Pri 5. letih začne razločevati linearno upodabljanje na ploskvi od tridimenzionalnega upodabljanja oblik (Tacol in Šupšakova, 2018). Figure, ki jih oblikuje, postajajo realnejše, a vsebujejo opazno manj podrobnosti kot pri risanju. Otrok dodaja ali vriše podrobnosti v že oblikovano osnovno formo. Pri oblikovanju živalske ali človeške figure iz kiparskega materiala so razlike med njima opaznejše kot pri risanju (Tacol in Šupšakova, 2018).

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: otrok, risanje, kiparstvo, gnetljiv material, živalska figura
• Vrsta gradiva: Diplomsko delo/naloga
• Tipologija: 2.11 - Diplomsko delo
• Organizacija: PEF - Pedagoška fakulteta
• Kraj izida: Ljubljana
• Založnik: V. Žnidaršič
• Leto izida: 2023
• Št. strani: 40 str.
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-153367
• UDK: 373.2(043.2)
• COBISS.SI-ID: 179265027
• Datum objave v RUL: 23.12.2023

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Naslov: Comparison of the Animal Figure Design in Two- and Three-Dimensional Modes of Artistic Expression

Izvleček

A three-year-old child is able to draw individual circular forms, complemented by smaller circles, vertical lines and horizontal lines. At the age of three is when they first start to draw simple figures (Podobnik and Selan, 2022). When they are aged between three and four years, most children are able to draw a cephalopod, i.e. a circular form combining a head and a body, with legs growing out of it in form of two (mostly diagonal) lines. In this period, children like to use kneadable material and form different lumps, which they gradually start to put together (Podobnik and Selan, 2022). Objects created in this period are moderately unidentifiable, however, children still often give them names. They manipulate, knead and roll the kneadable material and form different circular forms and lumps. In doing so, they increasingly use both hands, which makes it easier to make increasingly concrete objects with concrete attributes. Later on, children start to correlate the forms drawn with objects or persons that are familiar to them from their environment or experience. They start to separate human and animal figures, and their composition is becoming increasingly complex, meaning that they separate the head from the body, where other limbs grow from (Podobnik and Selan, 2022). According to Tacol and Šupšakova (2018), children, when using sculpting materials, start to create forms in an upright position, but they remain somewhat uncertain. A five-year-old child is still able to form lumps and create individual forms from them (animals, persons, different objects), placing them on the table or vertically. They first create an animal or a person's body, later adding their head, legs and arms. At the age of five, they start to separate linear depiction on a plane from three-dimensional form depictions (Tacol and Šupšakova, 2018). The figures they create are becoming more realistic, but they contain less visible details than in their drawings. Children add or draw details in a basic form that is already created. When creating an animal or human figure from sculpting materials, differences between them are even more visible than in drawings (Tacol in Šupšakova, 2018).

• Ključne besede: child, drawing, sculpture, kneadable material, animal figure