The new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has spread worldwide in the last three years. Using immunological indicators, we aimed to predict the possibility of a more severe course of disease, a more targeted treatment of cytokine storm during SARS-CoV-2 infection, and a comparison of antibody response in patients with severe and mild course of the disease. Blood samples were collested at regular intervals for immunological studies. We processed the data in MS Excel and RStudio. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test the normality of the data distribution. If the distribution was normal, the paired T test was used; otherwise, the Mann-Whitney U test was used. Twenty patients had a mild course, and 96 patients (82.8%) had a more severe course. Concentrations of lymphocyte populations decreased in patients during the acute phase but normalized during the control examinations. In monocytes, as expected, we observed a decreased expression of HLA-DR molecules in patients with a more severe disease course compared with patients with a milder disease course. The concentration of specific IgA antibodies against COVID-19 increased in patients with a milder disease course for a much shorter period after disease than in patients with a more severe disease. As possible prognostic biomarkers for a more severe disease course, we suggest age older than 50 years, male sex, co-morbidities, increased levels of fibrinogen, D-dimer, CRP, procalcitonin, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase, IL-6, increased concentrations of white blood cells and neutrophils, and decreased concentrations of lymphocytes, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, activated T lymphocytes and activated cytotoxic T cells.
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