Primerjava slovenskega, ameriškega in norveškega sistema prostostnih kazni mladoletnikov

Suhadolec, Kaja (author), Filipčič, Katja (mentor)

Mladostništvo je most med otroštvom in odraslostjo. Je obdobje polno nasprotij in pretresov, zaradi vpliva različnih dejavnikov, ki so lahko socialni in ekonomski, individualni, ali pa izvirajo iz okolja, pa lahko tudi v tem obdobju prihaja do odklonilnega vedenja. Ko tako vedenje prestopi mejo dovoljenega z zakonom, govorimo o mladoletniškem prestopništvu. Ker se mladostniki v marsičem razlikujejo od odraslih, se je kmalu pojavila ideja, da jih je potrebno v kaznovalnem pravu obravnavati različno od odraslih storilcev kaznivih dejanj. Različne države pa so se tega problema lotile na različne načine, hkrati pa se nekatere bolj in nekatere manj poslužujejo načel restorativne pravičnosti. Ta se je v raziskavah pokazala kot izjemno uspešna v primerjavi s punitivnim pristopom kaznovanja mladoletnikov. V magistrskem diplomskem delu raziskujem razlike kaznovalnih sistemov, natančneje prostostnih kazni, v treh državah – Sloveniji, na Norveškem in v Združenih državah Amerike. Osredotočila sem se na prostostne kazni, saj te v največji meri omejujejo človekove pravice. Za preučevanje razlik sem uporabila različne vire, med drugim tudi poročila policije in ostalih organov, vpletenih v kaznovalni sistem mladoletnikov ter zakonodajo, pri preučevanju ameriškega sistema pa tudi precedense. Ugotovila sem, da vse tri države upoštevajo posamezna načela restorativne pravičnosti, kljub temu pa se v ZDA še vedno vidi močnejše vplive punitivnih pristopov h kaznovanju mladoletnikov, na kar nakazujejo predvsem razmere v njihovih institucijah za prestajanje prostostnih kazni. Mladoletniki so večkrat osamljeni, podvrženi fizičnemu nasilju ali pa prestajajo kazen v institucijah z grozljivimi razmerami. Pomemben problem ZDA je tudi v neenakem obravnavanju mladoletnikov glede na zvezno državo, iz katere prihajajo. Po drugi strani imata Slovenija in Norveška precej bolje vpeljani načela restorativne pravičnosti, saj stremita k resocializaciji mladoletnih storilcev kaznivih dejanj. Kljub temu pa se tudi ti dve državi soočata s posameznimi problemi. Norveška je bila namreč deležna več kritik glede neupoštevanja Konvencije o otrokovih pravicah, tudi glede kršitve prepovedi združevanja mladoletnih in polnoletnih storilcev kaznivih dejanj v institucijah za prestajanje prostostnih kazni. Slovenija pa že daljši čas pričakuje sprejem izjemno potrebnega Zakona o obravnavanju mladoletnih storilcev kaznivih dejanj, saj se trenutno uporabljajo še pravila Kazenskega zakonika iz leta 1994 ter določbe ostalih zakonov. S sprejetjem tega zakona bi prišlo do celovite in sistemske obravnave materije z jasnimi izhodišči.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: Mladoletniki, prestopništvo, dejavniki tveganja, prostostne kazni, restorativna pravičnost, punitivnost, slovenski sistem, norveški sistem, ameriški sistem.
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Organization: PF - Faculty of Law
• Year: 2023
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-152309
• COBISS.SI-ID: 174539523
• Publication date in RUL: 18.11.2023

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Comparison of the Slovenian, American and Norwegian system of custodial sentences for juveniles

Abstract

Adolescence is the bridge between childhood and adulthood. It is a period full of contradictions and upheavals and due to the influence of various factors, which can be social and economic, individual or environmental, deviant behaviour can occur during this period. When such behaviour crosses the line of what is permissible by law, we speak of juvenile delinquency. As juveniles differ from adults in many ways, the idea soon arose that juveniles ought to be treated differently from adult offenders in criminal law. Different countries have tackled this problem in different ways, wherein some countries make more use of the principles of restorative justice and some less. Research has shown restorative justice to be extremely successful compared to the punitive approach of punishing minors. In my Master's thesis I look at the differences in the penal systems, more specifically custodial sentences, in three countries – Slovenia, Norway and the United States of America. I focused on custodial sentences as they limit human rights to the greatest extent. To study the differences, I used various sources, including reports from the police and other authorities involved in the juvenile justice system, legislation and precedents in regards with American system. I found that all three countries follow the individual principles of restorative justice, but in the USA, the stronger influence of punitive approach to punish minors is still visible, which is mainly indicated by the conditions in their institutions for serving custodial sentences. Juveniles are often isolated, subjected to physical violence or serve their sentence in institutions with appalling conditions. An important problem in the US is also the unequal treatment of minors depending on the state they come from. On the other hand, Slovenia and Norway have much better implemented principles of restorative justice, as they strive for the resocialization of juvenile offenders. Nevertheless, these two countries also face their own individual problems. Namely, Norway has received several criticisms regarding its non-compliance with the Convention on the Rights of the Child, including the violation of the ban on not separating juveniles and adult offenders in institutions for custodial sentences. Slovenia on the other hand has been waiting for the adoption of the extremely necessary Act on the Treatment of Juvenile Offenders for a long time, as the rules of the Criminal Code from 1994 and the provisions of other laws are currently being applied. The adoption of this law would instate a comprehensive and systematic treatment of the matter with clear starting points.

• Keywords: Juveniles, delinquency, risk factors, custodial sentences, restorative justice, punitiveness, Slovenian system, Norwegian system, American system.