Most of the proteins involved in the pathogenesis of malignancies are part of the undruggable proteome. To modulate the biological activity of proteins without a defined binding pocket, alternative pharmacological modalities are needed. The targeted protein degradation approach has garnered a lot of attention in recent years, due to the many advantages of this event-driven pharmacological model. Among the most promising new approaches are proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs). These chimeric molecules consist of a protein of interest binder, a linker, and an E3 ligase ligand. After binding, a ternary complex is formed, leading to ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of the target protein via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The many advantages of PROTAC-mediated degradation have catapulted the field to the forefront of drug design; however, there are numerous challenges to implementing this approach.
Herein we report our attempts at utilizing the PROTAC methodology to target a panel of proteins involved in the pathogenesis of malignancies. In order to modulate the activity of the cell cycle regulators CDK4/6, we have transformed a non-selective inhibitor into a dual CDK4/6 and even a selective CDK6 degrader. We also focused on proteins that serve as regulators of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. A series of PROTACs, targeting Bcl-2, failed to selectively degrade the protein, yet showed the desired antiproliferative activity when tested on haematological cell lines. On the other hand, BAX-targeting PROTACs caused marginal degradation, but failed to salvage chemically-induced apoptosis. We were more successful in degrading proapoptotic members of the IAP protein family, where implementation of the heteroPROTAC approach resulted in both pan-IAP and selective XIAP degradation. Exploring the possibility to degrade OGT, an enzyme responsible for post-translational modification of proteins, led to inactive compounds. In addition to working on specific protein degraders, we dedicated a significant portion of our work on the optimization of E3 ligase ligands, especially for cereblon, the results of which will serve the broader PROTAC field for the development of the next generation of degraders.
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