Raziskava koncepta dvosmerne izmenjave električne energije med električnimi vozili in omrežjem

MARENTIČ, TIM (author), Zajc, Matej (mentor)

Cestni promet je eden izmed ključnih dejavnikov pri pospeševanju podnebnih sprememb. Ukrep EU ban 2035, ki ga je Evropska unija sprejela z namenom ublažitev teh sprememb, z letom 2035 dovoljuje le registracijo novih avtomobilov in kombijev z ničelnimi izpusti emisij v ozračje. Električna vozila (EV) so po nekaterih napovedih vozila prihodnosti, kar dokazuje tudi njihova vsakoletna rast prodaje. Večanje njihovega deleža prinaša izzive pri zagotavljanju stabilnosti elektroenergetskega omrežja. Velik potencial za rešitev teh težav ima tehnologija dvosmerne izmenjave električne energije med električnimi vozili in omrežjem (ang. vehicle to grid). V magistrski nalogi smo raziskali in razložili tehnologijo V2G ter njen koncept. Raziskali smo primer uporabe voznega parka poslovnih vozil (službeno parkirišče) v konceptu V2G. Z algoritmom zapisanim v Pythonu smo izvedli simulacijo implementacije koncepta V2G za izbrani primer uporabe službenega parkirišča z EV-ji. Prikazali in ocenili smo rezultate simulacije pred in po implementaciji koncepta V2G ter ugotovili, da se brez implementiranega koncepta V2G ne zagotovijo zahteve s strani omrežja. Ugotovili smo tudi, da trenutno v praksi ni mogoče izmenjevati vseh podatkov, ki smo jih v našem primeru potrebovali. Zapisali in implementirali smo primer optimizacije, ki kot rezultat poda optimalno razporeditev polnjenj in praznjenj EV-jev, s ciljem najmanjšega števila skupnih ur polnjenj in praznjenj, da se zagotovijo vse zahteve. Optimalno razporeditev smo prikazali in jo ocenili. Ugotovili smo, da je potrebnih najmanj 54 skupnih ur polnjenj in praznjenj. Izračunali in prikazali smo tudi razpoložljivo kapaciteto voznega parka za polnjenje in praznjenje. Za približek našega primera službenega parkirišča realnemu smo vpeljali naključne vhodne podatke in izvedli več iteracij optimizacije. Iz izračunov smo ugotovili, da lahko v našem primeru agregator zagotovi oziroma sprejme z dovolj visoko gotovostjo štiri zahteve s strani omrežja, ki so večje oziroma enake osnovnim. Prikazali smo spreminjanje razpoložljive kapacitete voznega parka za polnjenje in praznjenje. Vpeljali smo dodatna primera našega službenega parkirišča, ki imata različni napolnjenosti EV-jev ob priklopu in zahtevani napolnjenosti ob odklopu. Na podlagi ugotovitev ocenjujemo, da je primer službenega parkirišča, kjer so EV-ji ob priklopu napolnjeni na 20 odstotkov in imajo zahtevano napolnjenost ob odklopu 80 odstotkov, najprimernejši za sodelovanje v našem primeru koncepta V2G.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: EU ban 2035, električno vozilo, V2G, vozni park poslovnih vozil
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Organization: FE - Faculty of Electrical Engineering
• Year: 2023
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-149325
• COBISS.SI-ID: 165424387
• Publication date in RUL: 06.09.2023

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Investigation of bidirectional power exchange between electric vehicles and the grid

Abstract

Road traffic is one of the key contributors to advancing climate change. To mitigate climate change effects, the European Union adopted the decision EU ban 2035, according to which all new cars and vans registered in the EU are set to be zero emission. Electric vehicles (EV) are considered by some to be the vehicles of the future, which is proven by their yearly sales growth. The growing number of EVs brings new challenges for the stability of the power grid. Vehicle to grid technology (V2G) is considered a promising solution. In this master thesis we researched and explained V2G technology and its concept. We focused on the use case of a fleet of commercial vehicles (at the office car park) in the V2G concept. Using the algorithm in Python, we simulated an implementation of the V2G concept on ten EVs at the office car park. The results before and after the implementation of the V2G concept were shown and assessed; we discovered that without the implementation of the V2G concept the requests from the power grid are not met. We also discovered that at the time it is not yet possible to exchange all the information needed for our research. We implemented and recorded the use case of an optimisation that results in the optimal scheduling of EVs charges and discharges that meets all of the requirements in the smallest possible number of charges and discharges. We also presented and assessed optimal scheduling. We discovered that the EVs needed at least 54 total hours of charging and discharging. We also calculated and presented the available pool capacity for charging and discharging. To make our example company EV fleet as close as possible to a real one, we used random input information and performed several iterations of optimisation. According to our calculations, we established that in this particular use case the aggregator can provide or accept four requests form the grid that are larger than or equal to the basic ones with the acceptable certainty. We showed changes in the available capacity of the charging and discharging of the office car fleet. We introduced two new use cases of our office car fleet, each having a different state of charge at plug-in and required state of charge at disconnection. According to the data provided, we assessed that the most suitable office car fleet for the participation in our V2G concept is the one with the EVs charged at 20 percent at plug-in and required state of charge at disconnection at 80 percent.

• Keywords: EU ban 2035, electric vehicle, V2G, fleet of commercial vehicles