As new knowledge about the microbial world is being discovered, the importance of the gut microbiota for human and animal health is becoming increasingly apparent. The poultry sector is therefore increasingly focusing on finding alternative ways of keeping chickens healthy to antibiotic regimes. Bacillus subtilis probiotics have become increasingly popular in recent years and have many advantages as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. Mechanisms such as sporulation, quorum sensing and biofilm formation are advantages of this bacterium as a probiotic, as they allow it to be viable in the conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. By manipulating the microbial composition to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria and inhibit pathogens, B. subtilis helps to maintain intestinal homeostasis. It modulates the immune response by secreting matbolites and effector molecules and regulates signalling pathways that are crucial for host longevity. The presence of B. subtilis spores also improves enzymatic activity and induces histological changes in villi that allow better nutrient absorption. Several studies have shown that the addition of B. subtilis to feed improved poultry growth and the efficiency of utilisation of the nutritional components of the feed, which was reflected in increased meat quality.
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