Vpliv prilagajanja na časovni zamik na delovanje telesa in športno zmogljivost pri zimskih športnikih : magistrsko delo

Eržen, Maša (author), Morrison, Shawnda (mentor), Kajtna, Tanja (co-mentor)

Med tekmovalno sezono vrhunski alpski smučarji in smučarski skakalci občasno potujejo na oddaljena prizorišča tekmovanj svetovnega pokala. Pri tem doživijo časovni zamik, ki zanje predstavlja dodatno breme, saj ima lahko posledice na delovanje telesa in športno zmogljivost. Namen magistrske naloge je bil ugotoviti, kakšne so osnovne kronobiološke karakteristike športnikov obeh panog, preučiti časovno obdobje okrevanja po časovnem zamiku ter podati priporočila športnikom, njihovim trenerjem ter spremljevalnemu osebju za ravnanje v tem obdobju. V prvi del raziskave, v katerem smo preučevali osnovne kronobiološke karakteristike vrhunskih zimskih športnikov, je bilo vključenih 25 preizkušancev obeh spolov (starosti 24,56 ± 4,13 leta, telesne višine 173,44 ± 9,03 cm in telesne teže 68,83 ± 15,28 kg). Slednji so enkrat v sezoni izpolnili Vprašalnik jutranjosti-večernosti in Epworthovo lestvico zaspanosti. V drugem delu, v katerem smo preučevali časovno obdobje okrevanja po časovnem zamiku, je sodelovalo osem preizkušancev obeh spolov iz obeh panog (starosti 24,38 ± 4,24 leta, telesne višine 170,13 ± 7,32 cm in telesne teže 64,25 ± 19,61 kg). Slednji so po v naprej določenem protokolu, ki je trajal 10 dni, izpolnjevali Vprašalnik Liverpool Jetlag, Epworthovo lestvico zaspanosti in Vprašalnik jutranjosti-večernosti. V povprečju so preizkušanci prečkali sedem časovnih pasov. Analiza podatkov je pokazala, da je bil v vzorcu najpogostejši vmesni tip kronotipa in da je večina preko dneva občutila nizko do visoko normalno dnevno zaspanost ter da med kronotipi ni prihajalo do razlik v dnevni zaspanosti. Nadalje smo ugotovili, da je prihajalo do statistično značilnih razlik med dnevi v oceni zaspanosti, občutenja časovnega zamika in lahkotnosti zaspati. Pri ostalih ocenah oz. podskalah nismo ugotovili statistično značilnih učinkov dneva, dela dneva ter interakcije dneva meritev in dela dneva. Rezultati kažejo, da večinski delež pri preučevani populaciji predstavljata jutranji in vmesni tip kronotipa, dnevna zaspanost se giblje v mejah normalne, med kronotipi pa ni razlik v dnevni zaspanosti. Vrhunski zimski športniki do določene mere občutijo učinek časovnega zamika, vendar v splošnem učinek nanje ni velik. Posploševanje z vzorca na populacijo je v drugem delu raziskave zaradi majhnosti vzorca vprašljivo, zato so potrebne nadaljnje raziskave na večjem številu preizkušancev, kar bo omogočilo tudi natančnejša navodila za ravnanje športnikov v tem obdobju.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: kronotip, dnevna zaspanost, časovni zamik, alpski smučarji, smučarski skakalci
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Typology: 2.09 - Master's Thesis
• Organization: FŠ - Faculty of Sport
• Year: 2023
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-147840
• COBISS.SI-ID: 161920515
• Publication date in RUL: 14.07.2023

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: The Effect of Jet Lag on Body Function and Sport Performance in Winter Sport Athletes

Abstract

During competition season, elite alpine skiers and ski jumpers occasionally travel to distant World Cup venues. This causes jet lag, which places an additional burden on winter sport athletes, as it can affect body function and sport performance. The purpose of this master's thesis was to determine the basic chronobiological characteristics of athletes from both sports disciplines, to further examine the recovery period after travel, and to provide recommendations for athletes, their coaches and support staff on how to manage this period. In the first part of the study, in which we examined the basic chronobiological characteristics of elite winter sport athletes, 25 subjects of both genders were included (age 24.56 ± 4.13 years, body height 173.44 ± 9.03 cm and body weight 68.83 ± 15.28 kg). They completed the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale only once during season at any time. In the second part, in which we examined time period of recovery after travel, eight subjects of both genders from both sports were included (age 24.38 ± 4.24 years, body height 170.13 ± 7.32 cm and body weight 64.25 ± 19.61 kg). Following a predetermined 10-day protocol, the subjects completed Liverpool Jetlag Questionnaire, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. On average, the subjects crossed seven time zones. The data analysis showed that the intermediate type was the most common among the test subjects, and that most subjects experienced lower to higher normal daytime sleepiness during the day. Additionally, there were no differences in daytime sleepiness between the chronotypes. Furthermore, the analysis showed there were statistically significant differences between days in the ratings of daytime sleepiness, perceived jet lag and ease of falling asleep. In other subscales, there were no statistically significant effects of day, part of the day, nor the interaction of measurement day and part of the day. The results show the majority of the examined population identifies with morning and intermediate types, daytime sleepiness is within normal range, and there are no differences in daytime sleepiness between different chronotypes. Elite winter sport athletes are affected by jet lag to some extent, but in general the effect on them is not significant. Generalisation from sample to population is questionable in the second part of the study due to the small sample size. Therefore, further studies on larger number of subjects are needed, which will also result in more accurate recommendations for athletes during the period after travel.

• Keywords: chronotype, daytime sleepiness, jet lag, alpine skiers, ski jumpers