Primerjava in vpliv različnih dejavnikov na evakuacijski čas s pomočjo programa Pathfinder

Špindler, Jan (author), Schnabl, Simon (mentor)

V magistrskem delu sem se podrobneje seznanil s slovensko zakonodajo o varstvu pred požarom, požarni varnosti v stavbah in načinu projektiranja evakuacijskih poti. V uvodnem delu sem obdelal osnovne definicije pojma evakuacija, potek razvoja načrtovanja evakuacij, načine načrtovanja v sedanjosti in podatke, ki jih moramo zajeti med samim načrtovanjem. Na podlagi tehnične smernice za graditev TSG-1-001:2019 in Zakona o varstvu pred požarom ter podzakonskih aktov, ki obravnavajo evakuacijske poti, sem izdelal različne načrte prostorov ter scenarije evakuacije znotraj le-teh. Izdelal sem načrte treh osnovnih prostorov: učilnice, knjižnice in hodnika. Vsakemu od prostorov sem dodal različne predmete in opremo, ki sovpadajo z namenom prostora ter predstavljajo ovire na evakuacijski poti. V programu AutoCAD sem izdelal dvodimenzionalne načrte. Te sem nato izvozil v program Pyrosim in jim dodal še tretjo dimenzijo. Modele sem izvozil v program Pathfinder, kjer sem v prostore dodal ljudi z različnimi hitrostmi gibanja. Nato sem izvedel simulacijo evakuacije in dobil rezultate oz. evakuacijske čase, ki sem jih prikazal v obliki grafov in tabel. V magistrskem delu sem obravnaval vpliv ovir in orientiranost postavitve le-teh na evakuacijski poti, vpliv širine in dolžine evakuacijske poti, vpliv števila ljudi, njihove hitrosti gibanja in zadolžitve ter vpliv števila izhodov v prostoru na evakuacijski čas. V namenu magistrskega dela sem postavil pet hipotez. Na podlagi rezultatov eksperimentalnega dela sem štiri hipoteze ovrgel in eno delno potrdil. Prav tako sem iz dobljenih rezultatov ugotovil, da povečanje širine evakuacijske poti z 1,2 m na 2,0 m skrajša čas evakuacije za 8 %, da se čas evakuacije podaljša za največ 1,75-krat pri podaljšanju evakuacijski poti z 20 m na 40 m, da pravokotna postavitev predmetov v primerjavi z vzporedno postavitvijo predmetov na evakuacijsko pot podaljša čas evakuacije za 4 sekunde. Ugotovil sem tudi, da se čas evakuacije skrajša za več kot polovico v enem scenariju, v ostalih scenarijih pa za manj kot polovico, ko imamo dva zasilna izhoda na izbranih lokacijah v primerjavi z enim zasilnim izhodom, in da se čas evakuacije poveča do 1,33-krat, ko je v prostoru 20 ljudi v primerjavi z 10 ljudmi. Ugotovitve magistrskega dela lahko v prihodnje pripomorejo pri raziskovanju področja evakuacij in k razmisleku ob načrtovanju in postavitvi objektov ter vzpostavitvi evakuacijskih poti.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: evakuacija, evakuacijski čas, evakuacijska pot, ovire, Pathfinder
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Typology: 2.09 - Master's Thesis
• Organization: FKKT - Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
• Year: 2023
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-146948
• COBISS.SI-ID: 158707715
• Publication date in RUL: 16.06.2023

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Comparison and influence of different factors on evacuation time using Pathfinder

Abstract

This thesis closely examines the Slovenian legislation with regard to fire protection, fire safety requirements in buildings and the planning of evacuation routes. In the introduction, it elaborates on the basic definitions of the term evacuation, the history of the development of evacuation planning, the methods of contemporary planning and the data that must be collected during the planning stage itself. Following the technical guidelines for the construction of TSG-1-001:2019 and the Fire Protection Act with its by-laws on evacuation routes, I designed various room plans and their corresponding evacuation scenarios. I designed the plans for three basic room types: a classroom, a library and a corridor. I added multiple objects and pieces of equipment to each of the rooms in such a way that they coincided with the purpose of the room while also representing obstacles on the evacuation route. I made two-dimensional plans in AutoCAD and exported them to the Pyrosim program, where a third dimension was added to them. I then exported these models to the Pathfinder program, where people with different movement speeds were added to the rooms. An evacuation simulation was subsequently carried out which provided the results or evacuation times which have been presented in the form of graphs and tables. This master’s thesis discusses how the evacuation time is influenced by obstacles and the orientation of their placement on evacuation routes, the width and length of the evacuation route, the number of people, their speed of movement and workload, the number of exits in the room. The thesis proposes five hypotheses. Based on the results of the experimental part of the thesis, four hypotheses were refuted an one was partially confirmed. Based on the results, I found that increasing the width of the evacuation route from 1.2 m to 2.0 m reduces the evacuation time by 8 %, that the evacuation time is, at most, 1.75-times longer when extending the evacuation route from 20 m to 40 m, and that a perpendicular placement of objects on the evacuation route increases the evacuation time by 4 seconds compared to a parallel placement. I also found that when we have two emergency exits at selected locations as opposed to one, the evacuation time is cut by more than half in one scenario and less than half in the other scenarios, and that the evacuation time increases up to 1.33 times when there are 20 people in the room compared to 10 people. The findings of this thesis could contribute to evacuations research, to the planning and placement of objects and the design of evacuation routes.

• Keywords: evacuation, evacuation time, evacuation route, obstacles, Pathfinder