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Predictive performance of multi-model ensemble forecasts of COVID-19 across European nations
ID Sherratt, Katharine (Author), ID Žibert, Janez (Author), et al.

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Abstract
Background: Short-term forecasts of infectious disease burden can contribute to situational awareness and aid capacity planning. Based on best practice in other fields and recent insights in infectious disease epidemiology, one can maximise the predictive performance of such forecasts if multiple models are combined into an ensemble. Here, we report on the performance of ensembles in predicting COVID-19 cases and deaths across Europe between 08 March 2021 and 07 March 2022. Methods: We used open-source tools to develop a public European COVID-19 Forecast Hub. We invited groups globally to contribute weekly forecasts for COVID-19 cases and deaths reported by a standardised source for 32 countries over the next 1–4 weeks. Teams submitted forecasts from March 2021 using standardised quantiles of the predictive distribution. Each week we created an ensemble forecast, where each predictive quantile was calculated as the equally-weighted average (initially the mean and then from 26th July the median) of all individual models’ predictive quantiles. We measured the performance of each model using the relative Weighted Interval Score (WIS), comparing models’ forecast accuracy relative to all other models. We retrospectively explored alternative methods for ensemble forecasts, including weighted averages based on models’ past predictive performance. Results: Over 52 weeks, we collected forecasts from 48 unique models. We evaluated 29 models’ forecast scores in comparison to the ensemble model. We found a weekly ensemble had a consistently strong performance across countries over time. Across all horizons and locations, the ensemble performed better on relative WIS than 83% of participating models’ forecasts of incident cases (with a total N=886 predictions from 23 unique models), and 91% of participating models’ forecasts of deaths (N=763 predictions from 20 models). Across a 1–4 week time horizon, ensemble performance declined with longer forecast periods when forecasting cases, but remained stable over 4 weeks for incident death forecasts. In every forecast across 32 countries, the ensemble outperformed most contributing models when forecasting either cases or deaths, frequently outperforming all of its individual component models. Among several choices of ensemble methods we found that the most influential and best choice was to use a median average of models instead of using the mean, regardless of methods of weighting component forecast models. Conclusions: Our results support the use of combining forecasts from individual models into an ensemble in order to improve predictive performance across epidemiological targets and populations during infectious disease epidemics. Our findings further suggest that median ensemble methods yield better predictive performance more than ones based on means. Our findings also highlight that forecast consumers should place more weight on incident death forecasts than incident case forecasts at forecast horizons greater than 2 weeks.

Language:English
Keywords:infectious diseases forecatsting, epidemiology, mathematical modeling, capacity planning, COVID-19, combining independent models, ensemble forecast
Work type:Article
Typology:1.01 - Original Scientific Article
Organization:ZF - Faculty of Health Sciences
Publication status:Published
Publication version:Version of Record
Publication date:01.01.2023
Year:2023
Number of pages:19 str.
Numbering:Vol. 12, art. e81916
PID:20.500.12556/RUL-146651 This link opens in a new window
UDC:616-036.22:519.876.5
ISSN on article:2050-084X
DOI:10.7554/eLife.81916 This link opens in a new window
COBISS.SI-ID:150833411 This link opens in a new window
Publication date in RUL:05.06.2023
Views:681
Downloads:69
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Record is a part of a journal

Title:eLife
Shortened title:eLife
Publisher:eLife Sciences Publications
ISSN:2050-084X
COBISS.SI-ID:523069721 This link opens in a new window

Licences

License:CC0 1.0, Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal
Link:https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en
Description:CC Zero enables scientists, educators, artists and other creators and owners of copyright- or database-protected content to waive those interests in their works and thereby place them as completely as possible in the public domain, so that others may freely build upon, enhance and reuse the works for any purposes without restriction under copyright or database law.
Licensing start date:02.06.2023

Projects

Funder:EC - European Commission
Funding programme:H2020
Project number:101016233
Name:Pan-European Response to the ImpactS of COVID-19 and future Pandemics and Epidemics
Acronym:PERISCOPE

Funder:Other - Other funder or multiple funders

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