A review on methods for measurement of free water surface

Rak, Gašper (author), Hočevar, Marko (author), Kolbl Repinc, Sabina (author), Novak, Lovrenc (author), Bizjan, Benjamin (author)

Turbulent free-surface flows are encountered in several engineering applications and are typically characterized by the entrainment of air bubbles due to intense mixing and surface deformation. The resulting complex multiphase structure of the air–water interface presents a challenge in precise and reliable measurements of the free-water-surface topography. Conventional methods by manometers, wave probes, point gauges or electromagnetic/ultrasonic devices are proven and reliable, but also time-consuming, with limited accuracy and are mostly intrusive. Accurate spatial and temporal measurements of complex three-dimensional free-surface flows in natural and man-made hydraulic structures are only viable by high-resolution non-contact methods, namely, LIDAR-based laser scanning, photogrammetric reconstruction from cameras with overlapping field of view, or laser triangulation that combines laser ranging with high-speed imaging data. In the absence of seeding particles and optical calibration targets, sufficient flow aeration is essential for the operation of both laser- and photogrammetry-based methods, with local aeration properties significantly affecting the measurement uncertainty of laser-based methods.

• Language: English
• Keywords: free water surface, measuring methods, laser scanning, high-speed imaging, two-phase flow, turbulent flow
• Work type: Article
• Typology: 1.02 - Review Article
• Organization: FGG - Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering; FS - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
• Publication status: Published
• Publication version: Version of Record
• Year: 2023
• Number of pages: 18 str.
• Numbering: Vol. 23, iss. 4, art.1842
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-146372
• UDC: 532:626/627
• ISSN on article: 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s23041842
• COBISS.SI-ID: 141173507
• Publication date in RUL: 25.05.2023

Record is a part of a journal

• Title: Sensors
• Shortened title: Sensors
• Publisher: MDPI
• ISSN: 1424-8220
• COBISS.SI-ID: 10176278

Licences

• License: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
• Link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Description: This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.
• Licensing start date: 25.05.2023

Secondary language

• Language: Slovenian
• Title: Pregled metod za merjenje proste vodne površine
• Keywords: površina proste gladine, metode meritev, lasersko skeniranje, hitri zajem slik, dvofazni tok, turbulentni tok

Projects

• Funder: ARRS - Slovenian Research Agency
• Project number: P2-0401
• Name: Energetsko strojništvo

• Funder: ARRS - Slovenian Research Agency
• Project number: P2-0180
• Name: Vodarstvo in geotehnika: orodja in metode za analize in simulacije procesov ter razvoj tehnologij