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An integrated approach to characterising sulphur karst springs : a case study of the Žvepovnik spring in NE Slovenia
ID
Žvab Rožič, Petra
(
Author
),
ID
Polenšek, Teja
(
Author
),
ID
Verbovšek, Timotej
(
Author
),
ID
Kanduč, Tjaša
(
Author
),
ID
Mulec, Janez
(
Author
),
ID
Vreča, Polona
(
Author
),
ID
Strahovnik, Ljudmila
(
Author
),
ID
Rožič, Boštjan
(
Author
)
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MD5: F04AB63ED1404C7DABECF5688C85F10A
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https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/8/1249
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Abstract
We present an integrated approach to characterizing the Žvepovnik sulphur spring, comprising detailed basic geological (mapping), geochemical (physico-chemical, elementary), isotopic (δ$^2$H, δ$^{18}$O, δ$^{13}$C$_{DIC}$, δ$^{34}$S and $^3$H), and microbiological analyses. We used a multi-parameter approach to determine the origin of the water (meteoric or deeper infiltration), the origin of the carbon and sulphur, and water retention times. Our special research interest is the origin of the sulphur, as sulphur springs are rare and insufficiently investigated. Our results show that the Žvepovnik spring occurs along the fault near the contact between the dolomite aquifer and overlying shales and volcanoclastic beds. The spring water is the result of the mixing of (1) deeper waters in contact with gypsum and anhydrite and (2) shallow waters originating from precipitation and flowing through the surface carbonate aquifer. The results of δ$^2$H and δ$^{18}$O confirm local modern precipitation as the main source of the spring. δ$^{13}$C$_{DIC}$ originates from the degradation of organic matter and the dissolution of carbonates. We therefore propose four possible sources of sulphur: (1) the most probable is the dissolution of gypsum/anhydrite; (2) barite may be a minor source of sulphur; (3) the microbial dissimilatory sulfate reduction; and (4) the oxidation of pyrite as the least probable option.
Language:
English
Keywords:
sulphur spring
,
karst groundwater
,
hydrogeochemistry
,
isotopes
,
Slovenia
Work type:
Article
Typology:
1.01 - Original Scientific Article
Organization:
NTF - Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering
Publication status:
Published
Publication version:
Version of Record
Year:
2022
Number of pages:
21 str.
Numbering:
Vol. 14, iss. 8, art. 1249
PID:
20.500.12556/RUL-145255
UDC:
55
ISSN on article:
2073-4441
DOI:
10.3390/w14081249
COBISS.SI-ID:
104888067
Publication date in RUL:
14.04.2023
Views:
526
Downloads:
66
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Record is a part of a journal
Title:
Water
Shortened title:
Water
Publisher:
Molecular Diversity Preservation International - MDPI
ISSN:
2073-4441
COBISS.SI-ID:
36731653
Licences
License:
CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Link:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Description:
This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.
Projects
Funder:
ARRS - Slovenian Research Agency
Project number:
P1-0195
Name:
Geookolje in geomateriali
Funder:
ARRS - Slovenian Research Agency
Project number:
P6-0119
Name:
Raziskovanje krasa
Funder:
ARRS - Slovenian Research Agency
Project number:
P1-0143
Name:
Kroženje snovi v okolju, snovna bilanca in modeliranje okoljskih procesov ter ocena tveganja
Funder:
ARRS - Slovenian Research Agency
Project number:
J1-1712
Name:
Zapis okoljskih sprememb in človekovega vpliva v holocenskih sedimentih Tržaškega zaliva
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