Mednarodnopravna analiza pravice do čistega, zdravega in trajnostnega okolja

Korenjak Lalovič, Eva (author), Kovič Dine, Maša (mentor)

Ideja o pristopu do varstva okolja, osnovanem na človekovih pravicah, se je prvič oblikovala v okviru mednarodnega okoljskega prava in se kmalu zatem razširila po večini nacionalnih in regionalnih pravnih sistemov ter na koncu dosegla tudi mednarodna telesa za človekove pravice. Dobrih 50 let po prvi omembi okolja kot pogoja za uresničevanje človekovih pravic sta Resolucija 48/13 Sveta ZN za človekove pravice in na njeni podlagi leto kasneje sprejeta Resolucija 76/300 Generalne skupščine ZN prvič na mednarodni ravni izrecno priznali človekovo pravico do čistega, zdravega in trajnostnega okolja. Kljub temu, da gre za pravno nezavezujoči resoluciji, ima njun širok sprejem velik simbolni pomen, kateremu nekateri pripisujejo zmožnost spremembe same narave mednarodnega prava človekovih pravic. Medtem ko ni dvoma, da priznanje v okviru Generalne skupščine ZN kaže na močno politično zavezanost glede formulacije, vsebine in pomena človekove pravice do okolja, ki bo verjetno vplivala na njeno izvajanje na nacionalni in regionalni ravni, bo za vidne spremembe na mednarodni ravni potrebno še nekaj časa, predvsem pa implementacija ravnanj, h katerim poziva Resolucija 76/300. To velja tudi za preseganje izzivov v zvezi z vertikalnostjo in teritorialnostjo prava človekovih pravic, ki ureja predvsem razmerja med posameznim državljanom in državo v okviru njenega ozemlja, ter s tem povezanimi kritikami o nedoločnosti človekove pravice do okolja oz. njenih nosilcev ter nosilcev obveznosti, ki iz nje izhajajo. Medtem ko njeno mednarodno priznanje v Generalni skupščini ZN potrjuje splošno razširjenost med državami, bi odsotnost enotne opredelitve ter izvršitvenih mehanizmov lahko onemogočili izvajanje v praksi. Kot morebitna rešitev za uresničevanje človekove pravice do okolja se zdi njen sprejem v mednarodni pogodbi ali drugem zavezujočem mednarodnem dokumentu.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: človekova pravica do čistega, zdravega in trajnostnega okolja, Resolucija 48/13 Sveta ZN za človekove pravice, Resolucija 76/300 Generalne skupščine ZN, okoljske pravice, mednarodno pravo človekovih pravic, mednarodno okoljsko pravo
• Work type: Master's thesis/paper
• Organization: PF - Faculty of Law
• Year: 2023
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-145211
• COBISS.SI-ID: 149875971
• Publication date in RUL: 13.04.2023

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: International legal analysis of the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment

Abstract

The idea of a human rights-based approach to environmental protection first took shape in the context of international environmental law, and soon afterwards spread through most national and regional legal systems, eventually reaching international human rights bodies. More than 50 years after the first mention of the environment as a prerequisite for the realisation of human rights, Resolution 48/13 of the UN Human Rights Council and, a year later, Resolution 76/300 of the UN General Assembly, explicitly recognised for the first time at the international level the human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment. Despite being non-legally binding resolutions, their widespread acceptance has great symbolic significance, which some attribute to their ability to change the very nature of international human rights law. While there is no doubt that recognition under the General Assembly demonstrates a strong political commitment to the formulation, content and meaning of the human right to the environment, that is likely to influence the implementation of the human right to the environment at national and regional levels, visible change at the international level will take time, in particular the implementation of the practices called for in Resolution 76/300. This also applies to overcoming the challenges of verticality and territoriality that characterise human rights law, which primarily regulates the relationship between the individual citizen and the State within its territory and which are linked to criticisms of the vagueness of the human right to the environment, or the question of its holders and the holders of the obligations arising therefrom. While its international recognition confirms its widespread application among States, the absence of a uniform definition and implementation mechanisms could make it impossible to implement in practice. The adoption of the human right to the environment in an international treaty or other binding international instrument would seem to be a possible solution for its realisation.

• Keywords: Human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment, Human Rights Council Resolution 48/18, General Assembly Resolution 76/300, environmental rights, Human rights law, International environmental law