Neodvisnost in nepristranskost mednarodnih sodnikov in arbitrov

Kramberger Mendek, Urška (author), Sancin, Vasilka (mentor)

Neodvisnost in nepristranskost mednarodnih sodnikov in arbitrov ključno prispeva k vzpostavitvi in ohranitvi vladavine prava na področju delovanja mednarodnih sodišč in arbitraž ter h kredibilnosti sodstva in zaupanju javnosti v njegovo delovanje. Mednarodna sodišča in arbitraže se občasno srečujejo z očitki na račun neodvisnosti in nepristranskosti posameznih sodnikov ali arbitrov. Vprašanja glede neodvisnosti sodnikov so zato urejena v statutih in pravilih, ki urejajo postopke ravnanja v primerih domnevnih kršitev neodvisnosti in nepristranskosti s strani sodnikov ali arbitrov. Vprašanje neodvisnosti in nepristranskosti mednarodnih sodnikov in arbitrov se povezuje tudi s postopki njihove izbire, ki so popolnoma v rokah posameznih držav. Nacionalni postopki se med državami zelo razlikujejo in niso nujno formalizirani. Slovenija ima področje podrobno urejeno v Zakonu o predlaganju kandidatov za sodnike mednarodnih sodišč (ZPKSMS), nekatere države so vzpostavile določene prakse npr. izbirne panele, obstajajo pa države, kjer so nominacije kandidatov videne kot nagrada. Na sodiščih, kjer državam ni zagotovljeno mesto sodnika (npr. Meddržavno sodišče, Mednarodno kazensko sodišče, rezidualni mehanizem za Mednarodni sodišči za nekdanjo Jugoslavijo in za Ruando, Mednarodno sodišče za pomorsko mednarodno pravo), nacionalnim nominacijam sledijo volitve na mednarodnem nivoju, ki jih spremljajo intenzivne večmesečne ali celo večletne kampanje, v katere so vključeni sodniški kandidati, ki ob izdatni pomoči svoje države lobirajo za glasove držav in posledično izvolitev. To pomeni, da je za uspeh potrebno kandidaturo za sodnika najaviti že zelo zgodaj, česar pa toga ureditev v slovenskem ZPKSMS načeloma ne omogoča. Obenem se v praksi kaže nedoslednost uporabe zakona za kandidature v nekatera telesa ter problematika pri odnosu z Nacionalno skupino pri Stalnem arbitražnem sodišču, ki je skladno s Statutom Meddržavnega sodišča edina, ki lahko nominira kandidate za sodnike Meddržavnega sodišča.

• Language: Slovenian
• Keywords: mednarodna sodišča in arbitraže, volitev mednarodnih sodnikov in arbitrov, Zakon o predlaganju kandidatov za sodnike mednarodnih sodišč (ZPKSMS), neodvisnost in nepristranskost, kršitev neodvisnosti in nepristranskosti, Meddržavno sodišče
• Work type: Doctoral dissertation
• Typology: 2.08 - Doctoral Dissertation
• Organization: PF - Faculty of Law
• Year: 2023
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-144105
• COBISS.SI-ID: 140822787
• Publication date in RUL: 01.02.2023

Secondary language

• Language: English
• Title: Independence and impartiality of international judges and arbiters

Abstract

Independence and impartiality of international judges and arbiters contributes crucially to the establishment and preservation of rule of law by international courts and arbitrations, as well as to the credibility of the judiciary and public trust in it. International courts and arbitrations occasionally encounter complaints about the independence and impartiality of their individual members. Questions of judicial independence are therefore regulated in the Statutes and rules, which also regulate procedures for disqualification in the event of presumed violations of the principles of impartiality and independence by judges or arbiters. The question of independence and impartiality of international judges and arbiters is also connected to their selection procedures which are completely in the hands of individual countries. National procedures vary greatly between countries and are not necessarily formalized. The process in Slovenia is regulated in detail in the Act on nomination of candidates from the Republic of Slovenia for judges at international courts; some countries have established practices, e.g. selection panels, but there are countries where nominations of candidates are seen as a reward. In Courts where states are not guaranteed a position of a judge (e.g. International Court of Justice, International Criminal Court, International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea), national nominations are followed by elections at the international level. Those are accompanied by intensive several-month or even multi-year campaigns, with participation of judicial candidates, who, with the extensive support of their country, lobby for votes of the states and their election. It is therefore necessary to announce the candidacy for a judge very early on to be successful; something that is very difficult due to the rigid regulation in the aforementioned Slovenian Law. At the same time, there is some inconsistency in the application of the law for candidacies into certain bodies as well as a discrepancy regarding the relationship with the National Group at the Permanent Court of Arbitration, which, in accordance with the Statute of the ICJ, is the only one that can nominate judicial candidates for it.

• Keywords: international courts and tribunals, election of judges and arbiters, Act on nomination of candidates from the Republic of Slovenia for judges at international courts, independence and impartiality, violation of independence and impartiality, ICJ